典型农业生产功能区土壤中六六六、滴滴涕类农药残留及其异构体分布

测定了不同典型农业生产功能区土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留,六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)各同分异构体均有不同程度检出。结果表明,DDTs含量占有机氯农药含量的56%~95%,是污染的主要贡献污染物。HCHs中γ-HCH占45%~79%,DDTs中DDE>40%。其畜禽养殖基地和污水灌溉区污染指数(DDTs)分别为1.6(重污染)和0.6(中污染),其余均小于0.5(轻污染)。     

贵州农作物土壤中OCPs残留现状与差异性分析

通过在贵州主要农作物种植区域采集5 cm、10 cm、15 cm深度的土壤样品,检测其中22种OCPs的残留量。结果表明：在所有水稻土壤样品中除了环氧七氯-A、反式九氯和狄氏剂未检出外,其余19种OCPs均有不同程度检出;OCPs在上述3种深度土壤中总残留量分别为0.526 ng/g、0.497 ng/g、1.605 ng/g。DDTs在3种深度水稻土壤中的总残留量(0.359 ng/g)低于HCHs总残留量(1.135 ng/g)。水稻土壤中γ-HCH、δ-HCH残留量显著高于玉米土壤。水稻土壤中HCHs和硫丹残留主要源自历史上工业制剂的使用,DDTs在水稻土壤中的降解方式主要为厌氧。农作物种植区域土壤中OCPs残留量均符合国家农用地土壤污染风险管控标准。     

惠州农业土壤、灌溉水和农产品中有机氯农药的残留

用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对惠州市51个农业土壤样品、12个灌溉水样品和21个农产品样品中的HCHs和DDTs残留量进行了测定.HCHs平均含量分别为土壤1.66μg/kg、灌溉水5.86ng/L、农产品24.74μg/kg;DDTs平均含量分别为土壤4.98μg/kg、灌溉水2.06ng/L、农产品41.72μg/kg,土壤中有机氯农药通过多种方式进入到水体及农产品中.从HCHs和DDTs异构体组成可以看出,环境中绝大多数农药残留是由于历史上使用造成的,个别地区可能还有新的污染输入.同其它地区相比,惠州农业土壤和灌溉水中的有机氯农药残留水平较低,但农产品尤其是蔬菜中DDTs富集程度较高.     

兰州西固区土壤中有机氯农药污染特征及风险评价

采集兰州西固区土壤样品,采用GC/μECD方法检测样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)污染残留,并分析调查区土壤中OCPs污染特征、来源及潜在生态风险。结果表明,8种OCPs异构体在兰州西固区土壤中的检出率均为100%,总质量比范围在18.34μg/kg~125.34μg/kg之间,平均值为54.84μg/kg;土壤中BCHs和DDTs残留质量比分别为0.742μg/kg~29.3μg/kg和10.9μg/kg~98.6μg/kg。OCPs残留以p,p'-DDT和β-BCH为主。不同采样点土壤样品中OCPs的残留量从高到低依次为路边样绿化带样树根土样菜地样。对DDTs与BCHs异构体残留组分分析发现,调查区土壤中残留的BCHs主要源于历史应用,而DDTs源于近期污染。     

官厅水库沉积物表层中的有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

采用气相色谱法对北京市官厅水库沉积物表层中持久性有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了调查,并对有机氯农药污染水平和生态风险作出评价。结果表明:沉积物中有机氯农药总含量为8.48 ng/g～24.40 ng/g,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量较高,分别为1.11 ng/g～7.73 ng/g和2.97 ng/g～10.52 ng/g,其组分特征为来自环境的残留。与沉积物风险评估低值(ERL)和风险评估中值(ERM)对比评价沉积物中有机污染物的风险程度,官厅水库沉积物表层中的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险。     

土壤残留滴滴涕、六六六的人群健康风险评价 ———以江苏省无锡市为例

摘要：选择土壤中残留的滴滴涕（DDTs）和六六六（HCHs）这两种有机氯农药，分亚群计算人群暴露量，应用于江苏省无锡市的人群健康风险的评价，并剖析人群健康风险水平以及风险来源。结果表明，无锡土壤的综合致癌风险为5.38×10^-5，综合非致癌风险为0.176。江苏无锡土壤残留的HCHs和DDTs对人体健康的平均风险较小。     

水磨河流域有机氯农药污染调查及防治对策

在对水磨河流域实地勘察的基础上,用GC-ECD定量测定了乌鲁木齐市水磨河底泥中有机氯农药HCHs和DDTs的含量,以此来了解水磨河有机氯农药污染情况。结果表明,样品中HCHs和DDTs含量分别为0.107~111.690和0.476~66.512ng/g,其检出率为100%,说明该流域已经普遍受到有机氯农药污染。针对目前的污染现状提出相应的治理措施,以减轻水磨河有机氯农药的污染。     

基于污染指数与ArcGIS的聊城市耕地OCPs污染研究

按8 km×8 km网格将聊城市耕地划分为136个采样点,调查六六六(BHCs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、六氯苯和七氯等7种有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况。采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数法进行污染评价,以此判断OCPs的污染程度。对7种OCPs在各样点中的含量进行差异分析,并应用ArcGIS8.3,以污染评价结果为数据支持,进行OCPs污染空间分布研究。结果表明,聊城市OCPs污染程度依次为DDTs>狄氏剂>七氯>艾氏剂>BHCs>异狄氏剂>六氯苯,总体变异程度依次为DDTs>狄氏剂>异狄氏剂>BHCs>七氯>六氯苯>艾氏剂。各OCPs空间分布没有固定的变化趋势;各采样点综合污染水平存在地域差异,以临清市污染最为严重,其他各县市污染较轻。     

珠江三角洲城市群及高海拔地区表层土中有机氯农药的空间分布特征

利用GC-ECD方法测定了珠江三角洲城市群及高海拔地区表层土壤中的有机氯农药。有机氯农药变幅为2.4~78.7 ng/g,平均15.9 ng/g。最高值出现在江门。总HCHs变幅为ND~19.2 ng/g,平均2.91 ng/g, 最高值出现在佛山。总DDTs变幅为ND~74.6 ng/g,平均值为9.91 ng/g。最高值出现在东莞。六氯苯在佛山较高。灭蚁灵在深圳的污染较其它地区严重。总体来说,HCHs污染程度较低,但部分地区有林丹的使用;有些采样点DDTs的污染程度超过了国家土壤环境质量标准的一级自然背景值,且有些区域可能有非三氯杀螨醇的DDTs外源输入。     

蔬菜与土壤环境中铅镉含量相关性调查

通过调查5种蔬菜对铅、镉绝对吸收量以及富集系数不同,分析了蔬菜与土壤中重金属含量相关性.结果表明,各种蔬菜对镉的吸收绝对量差异明显,同类型蔬菜对铅、镉的吸收量接近.各种蔬菜对铅的富集能力排序为白菜>黄瓜>番茄>青菜>辣椒,对镉的富集能力排序为青菜>白菜>辣椒>番茄>黄瓜.蔬菜对土壤中镉的吸收能力明显大于铅.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

淮南市秋季大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征分析

2007年秋季在淮南市五个采样点采集大气可吸入颗粒物样品,用色谱-质谱法分析多环芳烃中16种优控污染物.结果显示,交通区PAHs浓度最高;PAHs以四环为主,二环所占比例最小;PM10与ΣPAHs成显著正相关关系,与苯并[a]芘成显著正相关;采用比值法对准南市PM10中的PAHs进行来源分析,得到PAHs主要来源于交通源及燃煤排放.     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

PCR技术对水中病原体的检测

水中有病毒、细菌、原生动物、蠕虫等多种病原体。常规的检测方法是用大肠菌作为病原体的指示生物,但是大肠菌的生存特性与病毒、原生动物差异较大,难以指示病毒、原生动物的存在与否。对每一种病原体单独进行检测,费时、费力。由于PCR技术具有快速、灵敏、特异的特点,使得它对于水中病原体的检测具有较高的应用价值。     

天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的分布特征

采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对天津市空气颗粒物中15种酞酸酯(PAEs)夏季和冬季的浓度进行了分析测定,研究了酞酸酯污染水平的季节变化,不同季节酞酸酯的功能区差异,15种酞酸酯在颗粒物中的分布特征,以及DBP和DEHP在夏冬两季中的污染特点,分析了产生上述结果的原因,基本说明了天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染状况和特点。     

Distribution of natural radionuclides in surface soils in the vicinity of abandoned uranium mines in Serbia

The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in soils from the area affected by uranium mining at Stara Planina Mountain in Serbia were studied and compared with the results obtained from an area with no mining activities (background area). In the affected area, the activity concentrations ranged from 1.75 to 19.2 mg kg^?1 for uranium and from 1.57 to 26.9 mg kg^?1 for thorium which is several-fold higher than those in the background area. The Th/U, K/U, and K/Th activity ratios were also determined and compared with data from similar studies worldwide. External gamma dose rate in the air due to uranium, thorium, and potassium at 1 m above ground level in the area affected by uranium mining was found to be 91.3 nGy h^?1, i.e., about two-fold higher than that in background area. The results of this preliminary study indicate the importance of radiological evaluation of the area and implementation of remedial measures in order to prevent further dispersion of radionuclides in the environment.     

Determination of Heavy Metals in Water from Boreholes in Dumasi in the Wassa West District of Western Region of Republic of Ghana

Concentrations of heavy metals in the borehole at Dumasi in the Wassa West District of the Republic of Ghana have been measured in this study. The concentrations of the following metals in the ground water from Dumasi borehole are: Iron (Fe) – 7.52 ppm, Manganese (Mn) – 1.11 ppm, Arsenic (As) – 4.52 ppm, Chromium (Cr) – 0.026 ppm, Cobalt (Co) – 0.01 ppm, Zinc (Zn) – 0.007 ppm, Cadmium (Cd) – 0.002 ppm and Lead (Pb) – 0.005 ppm. The results of the study show that resident adults and children who use water from the boreholes are at serious risk from exposure to health hazards associated with exposure to the above metals in the boreholes in Dumasi. If the results of this study are applied to other mining communities, which lie on the Birimian and Tarkwaian rock system, then the residents are at serious risk from exposure to toxic metals from drinking water from the boreholes dug for them by mining companies operating in their communities.     

Profile of PAH in the Exhaust of Gasoline Driven Vehicles in Delhi

A preliminary study to determine the profile of PAHs in the exhaust of gasoline vehicles in Delhi was conducted. Three different types of vehicles (cars, autorickshaws and scooters) were selected with different age groups for sampling purpose. The concentration of Total PAHs (Σ₁₂PAHs) was found to be 27.27 ± 2.27, 28.61 ± 3.70 and 29.81 ± 3.57 mg/g in the exhaust of cars, auto- rickshaws (three wheelers) and two wheelers, respectively. The levels of PAHs were found to be high in scooter exhaust as compared to that of cars and autorickshaws. The total PAHs concentration in the present study was found to be higher as compared to other studies. Such a high concentration could be attributed to different parameters like the age of the vehicles, driving conditions, the fuel quality and the emission standards.     

陇东油区土壤中芳烃分布特征及来源分析

通过采集陇东黄土塬区华庆、马岭和西峰油区的土壤样品,分析研究芳烃在不同剖面土壤中的分布特征及母质来源。结果显示:三油区土壤中均检测到萘、菲、艹屈、联苯、苯并芘、苯并荧蒽和三芳甾烷;萘、菲、艹屈和联苯均具有不同甲基化修饰的衍生物,且不同甲基化程度的衍生物含量呈简单的正态分布趋势;芳烃含量最多的是萘,其次是菲、艹屈和联苯;三油区土壤的成烃环境相似,均是淡-微咸水环境,且都有丰富的水生生物尤其是高等水生植物输入,同时芳烃物甲基化表明成烃环境经历了剧烈的微生物作用过程。     

Management of air quality in the vicinity of congested area in Kuwait

An assessment of air quality in the vicinity of a selected school has been carried out by monitoring the concentrations of primary pollutants. The results has shown that during the school hours, the measured pollutants emitted from the cars next to the selected school, such as CO and NO(2), are always under the allowable limits for Kuwaiti air quality standards. On the other hand, the concentrations of non methane hydrocarbon pollutant (nm-HC), some of which are considered to be cancergenic, are found to be above the Kuwaiti standard most of the times. A traffic counter is used to record the number of cars in the main road next to the school in 15 min intervals for 10 days during the monitoring period for air quality. Statistical analysis is performed to develop a relation for prediction of the necessary reduction in traffic, based on CO concentrations, during morning and afternoon periods on working days. A computer dispersion model (CALINE4) is also used to assess the CO concentrations based on recorded flow of traffic and emission inventory with the prevailing meteorological conditions existed at the specified time. After the validation of model, different scenarios have been evaluated to provide an acceptable solution to resolve the traffic congestion problem near the schools in the early morning hours with substantial reduction in pollution levels. The optimal solution for CO concentration reduction by managing smooth traffic flow is to reduce the traffic intensity by half in early morning and afternoon rush hours. The results of the predicted CO concentration in the vicinity of the school for the model and the statistical analysis has shown reduction of 30% and 42% respectively, for approximately 50% decrease in the car use. On the other hand the predicted CO concentration for the model and the statistics reached 24% and 33% respectively when 50% of students opted for buses instead of using private cars.