城市小流域面源污染输出特征及污染负荷分类核算研究

以南京市上秦淮片区二横沟小流域为例,在污染源调查的基础上,采用分类法,利用改进后的污染输出系数模型进行流域污染负荷核算,得到外源污染物入河负荷量及各污染源的贡献率。研究结果表明,上秦淮片区二横沟流域内污染物排放负荷总量为COD 229.9 t/a、TN 25.8 t/a、NH3-N 22.4 t/a、TP 1.7 t/a,入河负荷量为COD 47.1 t/a、TN 5.5 t/a、NH3-N 4.6 t/a、TP 0.36 t/a,主要来自面源污染,点源污染较小。其中,生活面源污染年入河贡献率最高,为44.5%,林地面源污染贡献率最低,为0.1%,水产面源、道路面源、水田面源和旱地面源贡献率分别为31.6%、16.2%、6.2%和1.4%。     

太湖流域典型厂村融合区复合面源污染特征分析——以礼嘉镇、洛阳镇、雪堰镇为例

为把握厂村融合区工农业复合面源污染现状及特征,选取典型区域礼嘉、洛阳、雪堰3镇进行研究,结果表明,2017年3镇复合面源等标污染负荷总量为1. 85×10~9m~3/a,其中总氮(TN)等标负荷量最高,占总量的44. 73%,为优先控制因子; 57个行政村中,污染物负荷量及负荷强度均较高的行政村大多集中在洛阳镇和礼嘉镇,如圻庄村、天井村、毛家村、大路村等,为优先控制区域;各污染源中,农村生活污水和畜禽养殖贡献的等标污染负荷量最高,分别占总量的37. 88%和35.49%,其次是种植业和厂区面源,贡献率分别为13. 17%和12. 77%,水产养殖贡献率最低;通过聚类分析将厂村融合区复合面源污染类型分为6类。     

滇池流域城市降雨径流污染负荷定量化研究

借助遥感影像处理软件ERDAS IMAGINE9．2和GIS技术对研究区QuickBird影像图进行下垫面类型分类和统计,在对降雨产流过程及地表径流污染特征研究的基础上,根据2008年的降雨总量,定量计算滇池流域全年城市降雨径流污染负荷。结果表明,流域内城镇区域屋顶、庭院、道路、绿地及其他类型面积比例分别为13．8％、11．6％、5．2％、3．8％及65．6％。2008年滇池流域城市降雨径流污染负荷COD、TN、TP分别为2．95×10^4t、1．24×10^3t、103t。滇池北岸昆明主城区内的建成区全年城市降雨径流污染负荷COD、TN、TP的产生量分别为2．39×10^4t、9．89×10^3t、8．24×10^3t,对滇池流域COD、TN、TP的贡献率总和分别为81．2％、79．5％、80．3％。     

铜陵市义安区农业面源污染现状调查与评价

通过对铜陵市义安区7个乡镇的农田、养殖及农村生活污染源的调查，采用等标污染负荷法进行评价，应用ArcGIS软件作聚类分析，研究该区域农业面源污染来源及其负荷空间特征。结果表明：农业面源污染排放量为3 739.50 t，农村生活、畜禽养殖为重点污染源，其排放量分别为1 705.36 t、1 55855 t，污染负荷分别为45.61%、41.67%。在COD、TN、TP 3个主要评价因子中重点污染物是COD，其次是TN，污染负荷率分别为87.55％、10.95%。在各乡镇中西联镇、天门镇、顺安镇的农业面源污染排放量较高，分别为818.86 t、772.26 t、740.12 t，污染负荷分别为21.90%、20.65%、19.79%。     

白银市工业污染源重金属排放特征分析

以甘肃省白银市为例,利用等标污染负荷法和单位产值等标污染负荷法,从污染物种类、时间变化、空间分布、行业排放4个方面,分析了白银市工业污染源重金属的排放特征,重点比较了2000—2010年期间重金属排放特征的变化。结果表明,近11年以来白银市工业污染源重金属等标污染负荷大小排序为砷>铅>镉>汞>六价铬;重金属排放总量呈下降趋势,单位产值重金属排放总量呈显著下降趋势;但是定量趋势分析的结果则显示最近5年仅有砷和镉呈下降趋势,而汞和铅呈现明显上升趋势;2009年重金属等标污染负荷和单位产值等标污染负荷最大的行政区和流域分别为白银区和白银市东大沟流域;污染负荷和单位产值污染负荷最大的行业均为金属制品业。因此,白银市应将白银区东大沟流域沿线的金属制品业行业,特别是白银公司的重金属污染作为环境整治的重点。     

电力跨区域调配隐含的污染转移效应

为研究中国30个省/自治区/直辖市之间电力区域调配的污染物转移效应,构建了电力传输的污染转移模型,并以SO_2和NO_x为例对2006、2015年数据进行测算。结果表明,2015年电力行业SO_2、NO_x排放强度分别由2006年的4.03、2.18 g/(kW·h)下降到0.69、0.77 g/(kW·h)。2015年,16个电力净输入区通过电力跨区域传输的SO_2、NO_x转移量分别为47.8×10~4、53.0×10~4t,占这些地区电力行业SO_2、NO_x排放量的24.1%、24.2%;14个电力净输出区通过电力跨区域传输的SO_2、NO_x转移量分别为-54.6×10~4、-52.1×10~4t,占这些地区电力行业SO_2、NO_x排放量的26.5%、22.8%。研究结果对于分析区域物质流动所隐含的污染流动,全面认识区域污染物排放格局,制定合理的区域污染减排目标具有一定借鉴意义。     

广州市大气VOCs污染特征及O3生成潜势分析

利用手工及自动监测数据，结合最大增量反应活性(MIR)系数法，对广州市大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及臭氧生成潜势(OFP)进行了研究。结果表明：广州市大气VOCs总体积分数为73.85×10^-9,其中，丙烷、甲醛、乙酸乙酯的体积分数最高，分别为5.59×10^-9、4.87×10^-9、4.25×10^-9。组成特征分析结果显示，含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)和烷烃为主要污染物种类，分别贡献了总VOCs的34.32%和32.34%。在空间分布上，各站点VOCs体积分数自南向北不断降低，番禺市桥站(南部，76.16×10^-9)>公园前站(中部，75.58×10^-9)>花都梯面站(北部，69.80×10^-9)。广州市大气中甲醛和乙醛的比值为1.22,表明本地排放对广州市醛酮类化合物的贡献较大；乙苯和间/对-二甲苯的比值为0.35,表明广州市气团老化程度低，VOCs主要受本地排放影响；甲苯和苯的比值显示，公园前站苯系物主要受机...     

陕西省重金属污染特征分析

以陕西省重金属工业污染源为例,利用等标污染负荷法和单位产值等标污染负荷法,从污染物种类、时间变化、空间分布、行业排放4个方面,分析了陕西省工业污染源重金属的排放特征,重点比较了1991~2009年近20年以来重金属排放特征的变化。结果表明,近20年陕西省工业污染源重金属等标污染负荷大小排序为铅>砷>镉>六价铬>汞; 1991~2009年,重金属排放总量呈较大下降趋势,单位产值重金属排放总量呈显著下降趋势; 1991年重金属等标污染负荷最大的行政区和流域分别为渭南市和渭河流域,2009年则转移至西安市和嘉陵江流域; 1991年和2009年,污染负荷最大的行业均为有色金属矿采选业、有色金属冶炼及压延加工业,其铅排放应作为整治的重点。     

2009—2017年南充市城区酸雨特征分析

为了更为有效地治理酸雨污染,根据南充市环境监测中心站提供的2009—2017年降水监测数据,对南充市城区酸雨污染情况进行了分析及源解析。结果表明:2009—2017年,南充市降水pH从4.60波动上升至5.6以上,酸雨频率波动下降,酸雨污染情况有所改善;[SO4^2-]/[NO3^-]从4.92下降至0.86,酸雨污染类型从硫酸型转变为硝酸-硫酸型。同时,对比分析2014—2016年大气污染物排放源可知,NOx排放源中,工业污染源占比由14%降至11%,生活污染源由2%上升至5%;SO2排放源中,工业污染源占比由62%降至43%,生活污染源由38%上升至57%,表明南充市SO2污染已从以工业污染源为主转变为工业污染源与生活污染源并重。     

走航溯源耦合在线监测分析喷涂企业排放VOCs对大气臭氧污染的影响

选择某喷涂企业附近环境空气为采样点位,在3个监测时段（5、9、11月）基于成分监测车在线监测107种挥发性有机物（VOCs）,分析环境空气中VOCs污染特征和成分,结合走航监测车进行溯源分析,利用MCM模式结合敏感性实验研究了臭氧生成机制。结果表明：5月A时段的VOCs总浓度（247.43 μg/m³）高于其他2个监测时段（134.29、107.07 μg/m³）,体现了VOCs季节性的变化趋势;3个监测时段VOCs浓度均以含氧有机物为主,其占比分别为44.36%、55.30%和37.90%,其次为芳香烃和烷烃,但不同监测时段同类VOCs占比各不相同,体现了不同季节VOCs浓度的差异性。3个监测时段均排在浓度排名前10位的物种有6种,分别为乙醇、丙酮、对/间二甲苯、苯、二氯甲烷和甲苯,说明该监测点位存在稳定污染排放源。走航溯源监测获得空气点位及附近喷涂企业内VOCs浓度和成分特征,结果显示环境大气中的VOCs主要组分来自喷涂企业厂区使用的挥发性溶剂的排放和油性漆的挥发排放。研究臭氧生成潜势（OFP）可知,芳香烃的OFP值在3个监测时段占比最高,对臭氧生成贡献较高的物种主要有对/间二甲苯、甲苯等芳香烃,乙醇和甲基丙烯酸甲酯等含氧有机物,异戊二烯和丙烯等烯烃类物种。MCM模式结果显示：5月A时段监测期间的臭氧光化学生成速率大于9月B时段和11月C时段,O₃生成过程主要受甲基过氧自由基（CH₃O₂）+NO 和过氧化羟基自由基（HO₂）+NO 控制。相对增量反应敏感性实验结果显示：3个监测时段臭氧生成均处于VOCs控制区,5月A时段,控制异戊二烯、芳香烃类物种可以大幅减少臭氧的生成,9月B时段需主要控制芳香烃和含氧有机物的排放,11月C时段则需控制芳香烃物种的排放。就VOCs单体而言,3个监测时段减少对/间二甲苯的浓度,对臭氧生成影响较大。走航溯源耦合在线监测方法可以实现臭氧污染快速原位溯源。     

Occurrences of six steroid estrogens from different effluents in Beijing, China

Concentration levels of six natural and anthropogenic origin steroid estrogens, namely, diethylstilbestrol (DES), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), and estradiol-17-valerate (Ev), from different effluents in Beijing were assessed. Sampling sites include two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a chemical plant, a hospital, a pharmaceutical factory, a hennery, and a fish pool. In general, concentrations of estrogens in the effluents varied from no detection (nd) to 11.1 ng/l, 0.7 to 1.2 × 10³ ng/l, nd to 67.4 ng/l, nd to 4.1 × 10³ ng/l, nd to 1.2 × 10³ ng/l, and nd to 11.2 ng/l for DES, E1, E2, EE2, E3, and Ev, respectively. The concentration levels of steroid estrogens from different effluents decreased in the order of pharmaceutical factory and WWTP inlets > hospital > hennery > chemical factory > fish pool. This study indicated that natural estrogens E1, E2, and E3 and synthetic estrogen EE2 are the dominant steroid estrogens found in the different Beijing effluents. For source identification, an indicator (hE = E3/(E1 + E2 + E3)) was used to trace human estrogen excretion. Accordingly, hE in effluents from the hospital and WWTP inlets exceeded 0.4, while much smaller values were obtained for the other effluents. Human excretions were the major contributor of natural estrogens in municipal wastewater. Estimation results demonstrated that direct discharge was the major contributor of steroid estrogen pollution in receiving waters.     

Economy-wide material input/output and dematerialization analysis of Jilin Province (China)

In this paper, both direct material input (DMI) and domestic processed output (DPO) of Jilin Province in 1990–2006 were calculated and then based on these two indexes, a dematerialization model was established. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) both direct material input and domestic processed output increase at a steady rate during 1990–2006, with average annual growth rates of 4.19% and 2.77%, respectively. (2) The average contribution rate of material input to economic growth is 44%, indicating that the economic growth is visibly extensive. (3) During the studied period, accumulative quantity of material input dematerialization is 11,543 × 10⁴ t and quantity of waste dematerialization is 5,987 ×10⁴ t. Moreover, dematerialization gaps are positive, suggesting that the potential of dematerialization has been well fulfilled. (4) In most years of the analyzed period, especially 2003–2006, the economic system of Jilin Province represents an unsustainable state. The accelerated economic growth relies mostly on excessive resources consumption after the Revitalization Strategy of Northeast China was launched.     

Seasonal and spatio-temporal distribution of faecal-indicator bacteria in Tyume River in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

We assessed the incidence of faecal-indicator bacteria in Tyume River over a 12-month period between August 2010 and July 2011. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and enterococci were determined by the membrane filtration method. Total coliforms were detected in counts ranging from 2.1?×?10² to 3.4?×?10⁴?CFU/100 ml. Faecal coliform counts ranged from 1?×?10² to 1.6?×?10⁴?CFU/100 ml while enterococci counts were in the range of 3.3?×?10¹ to 5.1?×?10³?CFU/100 ml. Indicator bacteria counts increased from upstream to downstream sampling sites. Counts of indicator bacteria at all sites were significantly affected by seasonal changes. The bacteriological qualities of the river water were poor, exceeding the guideline of 200 CFU/100 ml and 33 CFU/100 ml for faecal coliforms and enterococci, respectively, for recreational water. Faecal coliform counts also exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100 ml guideline for water used in fresh produce irrigation. Microbial source tracking results showed that faecal pollution was predominantly of human origin during spring at all sampling sites. During other seasons, human faecal pollution was largely confined to midstream and downstream sampling sites. Generally, the presence of faecal-indicator bacteria in the river water samples suggests faecal pollution of this freshwater resource, raising the possibility of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the water and a threat to public health.     

杭州市大气污染物排放清单及特征

以杭州市区为研究区域,通过调查整合多套污染源数据库及其他统计资料,研究文献报道及模型计算的各种污染源排放因子,获得杭州市区各行业PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs、NH3等污染物的排放量,建立了杭州市区2010年1 km×1 km大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2010年杭州市区PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs和NH3的排放总量分别为7.96×104、4.02×104、7.23×104、8.98×104、73.90×104、39.56×104、3.32×104t。从排放源的行业分布来看,机动车尾气排放是杭州市区大气污染物最重要排放源之一,对PM10、PM2.5、NOx、CO和VOCs的贡献分别达到14.4%、27.1%、40.3%、21.4%、31.1%。道路扬尘、电厂锅炉、工业炉窑、植被、畜禽养殖对不同污染物分别有着重要贡献,道路扬尘对PM10和PM2.5的贡献分别为44.6%和20.0%、电厂锅炉对SO2和NOx的贡献分别为37.0%和25.7%、工业炉窑对CO的贡献为41.5%、植被排放对VOCs的贡献为27.1%、畜禽养殖对NH3的贡献为76.5%。从空间分布来看,萧山区和余杭区对SO2、NH3和植被排放BVOC的贡献要显著高于主城区;而主城区机动车对PM2.5、NOx和VOCs的贡献分别达到36.3%、56.0%和47.4%,较市区范围内显著增加,表明机动车尾气排放已成为杭州主城区大气污染最重要的来源之一。     

武江 (乐昌段)水体底泥重金属污染调查

对武江乐昌段由上游矿山废水排泄沟、中游霜降河和下游武江段3段水道底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu进行测定.结果表明,Pb的质量比为2.54×103 mg/kg、1.33×103 mg/kg和30.7 mg/kg,Zn的质量比为1.01×103 mg/kg、2.48×103 mg/kg和156 mg/kg,Cu的质量比为42.9 mg/kg、68.8 mg/kg和69.4 mg/kg.3段支水道底泥污染负荷指数(IPL值)分别是14.0、10.6和1.46,整个区域IPL值为6.19,达到极强度污染程度.Pb、Zn总体污染程度比Cu严重,对武江乐昌段及其下游地区存在潜在生态风险.指出,霜降河和废水排泄沟段底泥不能农用,需特别谨慎地疏浚、转运和处置,而武江段底泥则可农用.     

Bioaerosols as contributors to poor air quality in Taichung City, Taiwan

Bioaerosols are a type of suspended sediments that contribute to poor air quality in Taiwan. Bioaerosols include allergens such as: fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, arthropods and protozoa, as well as microbial products such as mycotoxins, endotoxins and glucans. When allergens and microbial products are suspended in the air, local air quality will be influenced adversely. In addition, when the particle size is small enough to pass through the respiratory tract entering the human body, the health of the local population is also threatened. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to attempt to understand the concentration and types of bacteria and the bacteria numbers for various particle size ranges during a study period of June 2005 to February 2006 in Taichung City, Central Taiwan. The results indicate that the total average bacterial concentration by using NA medium incubated for 48 h were 8.0 × 10², 1.4 × 10³, 2.4 × 10³ and 1.3 × 10³, 1.9 × 10³, 3.5 × 10³ cfu/m³ for CMES, TRIPS and RFS sampling sites during the daytime and nighttime period of June 2005 to February 2006. Moreover, the total average bacterial concentration by using R₂A medium incubated for 48 h were 8.5 × 10², 1.5 × 10³, 2.2 × 10³ and 1.2 × 10³, 1.7 × 10³, 2.5 × 10³ cfu/m³ for CMES, TRIPS and RFS sampling sites the daytime and nighttime during the same sampling period. The total average bacteria concentration was the same in either NA or R₂A medium for the same sampling times or sites. The total average bacterial concentration was higher in daytime period than that of nighttime period for CMES, TRIPS and RFS sampling sites. The high average bacterial concentration was found in the particle size range of 0.53–0.71 mm (average bioaerosol size was in the range of 2.1–4.7 μm) for each sampling site. Also, 20 kinds of bacteria exceeded levels for each sampling site and were classified as according to shape: rod, coccus and filamentous.     

Determination of Nitrobenzene in Wastewater Using a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode

The determination of trace amount nitrobenzene in wastewater on a hanging mercury drop electrode was studied. The determination conditions of pH, supporting electrolyte, accumulation potential, accumulation time, and voltammetric response were optimized. The sharp peak of the nitrobenzene was appeared at 0.05 V. The peak electric current was proportional to the concentration of nitrobenzene in the range of 1.47 × 10⁻⁵ ∼ 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol/l with relative standard deviations of 3.99 ∼ 8.94%. The detection limit of the nitrobenzene in water was 5 × 10⁻⁶ mol/l. The proposed method offered low limit of determination, easy operation, the use of simple instrumentation, high sensitivity and good reproducibility. It was applied to the determination of nitrobenzene in wastewater with an average recovery of 94.0% ∼ 105%. The proposed method provided fast, sensitive and sometimes real time detection of nitrobenzene.     

中国水泥行业2011—2022年二氧化碳和大气污染物排放分析

2011—2021年,熟料产量呈波动上升趋势。水泥行业整体生产运行水平不断提高,熟料单条生产线平均规模由43.8万t/条提升至115.3万t/条,熟料单位产品综合能耗下降14.4%,熟料单位产品CO₂排放强度下降6.3%,但CO₂排放总量增加了13.8%,与氮氧化物减排趋势形成较大反差,碳污治理水平差距明显。熟料生产中石灰石分解和煤炭燃烧过程的CO₂排放合计占比为92.9%~93.8%,是CO₂排放的主要来源。由于熟料系数偏高、非碳酸盐原料替代不足、综合能耗仍然较高等原因,安徽等7个熟料产量大的省份的CO₂排放强度高于全国。建议实行碳酸盐熟料产量总量控制,逐步降低熟料应用比例,加快建材市场熟料产品和非碳酸盐原料替代,降低高标号水泥使用比例。应大力推广水泥行业节能降耗增效技术,加快熟料落后产能淘汰。对熟料产量大、碳排放强度高的地区,应结合当地碳排放特点,实行差别化降碳策略。各大气污染防治重点区域应因地施策推进水泥行业减污降碳工作。     

Water quality assessment: surface water sources used for drinking and irrigation in Zaria,Nigeria are a public health hazard

We assessed the quality and pollution status of source surface waters in Zaria, Nigeria by monitoring the nature, cause and extent of pollution in Samaru stream, Kubanni River and Kubanni dam over a period of 10 months, between March and December 2002. A total of 228 water samples was collected from 12 sites and analysed for a total of ten physicochemical and one bacteriological quality indicators, using standard methods. Aesthetic water quality impairment parameters were also observed. The mean values of most water quality parameters were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both the stream and river than in the dam. There was no significant correlation between faecal coliform counts (FCC) and water temperature (in the range 15–33°C); pH (5.77–7.32); and turbidity (1.4–567 NTU). The high FCC ranged from 2.0 × 10¹ to 1.6 × 10⁶ MPN/100 ml and exceeded the WHO standards for drinking water and water used for fresh-produce irrigation, and correlated positively (P < 0.05) with conductivity (in the range 68–1,029 μS/cm); TDS (10.0–70.0 mg/l); TSS (10.0–70.0 mg/l); Cl (7.5–181 mg/l); PO₄⁻P (0.01–0.41 mg/l); NO₃⁻N (0.6–3.8 mg/l) and BOD₅ (0.1–14.9 mg/l). The main pollution sources were municipal wastewater, stormwater runoffs, the ABU sewage treatment plant, abattoir effluents and irrigation farms treated with chemical fertilisers. We conclude that these water bodies are potentially hazardous to public health and that proper sewage treatment and river quality monitoring are needed to warn against hazards to public health.