生态质量综合评价的投影寻踪动态聚类方法

依据动态聚类思想，建立了投影寻踪动态聚类模型．并将该方法用于甘肃省生态环境质量综合评价中．与投影寻踪聚类方法相比，投影寻踪动态聚类方法不但可以作出环境质量的综合评价，而且消除了投影寻踪聚类方法中密度窗宽确定的人为因素，把寻优过程和聚类结果有机结合起来，为生态环境质量综合评价的研究开创了一条新途径．     

环境质量评价中关键因子识别的方法研究

应用投影寻踪聚类方法分析环境影响指标的数据资料 ,不但可以根据数据内在特性确定各评价指标的相对权重 ,避免权重人为给定的任意性 ,而且还可以通过逐次筛选找出影响环境质量的关键因子。本文将该方法成功地应用于南京市秦淮河水环境评价中 ,筛选出了影响秦淮河水质的关键因子 ,可供秦淮河水环境监测和治理作参考。另一方面 ,该方法还可以推广应用于其它类似问题的综合分析研究中。     

模糊数学在大气优化布点方面的应用

本文采用最大最小法标定、求传递闭包、动态聚类等聚类分析法;用贴近度及择近原则的优选方法进行优化布点;并经三种不同方法检验,证明四个监测点完全能代表原设九个点。     

榆林市噪声监测昼夜等效声级聚类分析

本文应用环境统计学系统聚类分析法,对榆林市噪声监测数据进行分析检验.指出噪声监测在布点及数据获取方面的合理性.并阐明榆林市噪声的年变化规律.提出优化布点方案.为今后榆林市噪声监测和环境质量宏观控制等提供科学依据.     

武汉市城区大气监测优化布点研究

对武汉市城区网格布点实测ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２获取了城区大气污染总体水平的数据，运用Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ最优分割方法，求出城区５个优化测点数，运用模糊聚类方法对武汉城区４８个网格测点的ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２污染强度置信水平进行聚类；运用日均值和百分位数逼近方法检验；结合优化布点原则等，最终确定的ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２的５个优化测点能集中反映城区大气环境中ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２的总体污染水平。     

环境噪声监测中应注意的问题

结合工作实践,提出环境噪声监测中应注意的问题,供参考。1　环境噪声监测环境噪声一般指功能区噪声、区域环境噪声和交通噪声。中山市环境噪声功能区共划分为4类(1类区、2类区、3类区和4类区),每类布点2个,每季度监测1次。该市为国家环保模范城市,布点网格数>200。监测时间为昼6:00～22:00,夜22:00～6:00。监测仪器均采用AWA6218A、B两种型号噪声仪。监测时尽量使用同型号仪器,以避免产生误差。环境噪声监测技术要点见表1。表1　环境噪声监测技术要点项目名称功能区噪声交通噪声区域环境噪声布点原则各选择具有代表性的2个以上的长期…     

环境监测优化布点的自组织神经网络决策模型

将自组织神经网络模型应用于环境监测优化布点方案的决策，与模糊聚类方法的实例进行了比较，本方法不仅实用、有效，而且具有编程简洁，实现容易，效率更高的特点．     

大气环境监测优化布点系统

大气环境监测优化布点系统于连生，李巍，房春生，段晓秋，李俊奇（吉林大学环境科学系，长春１３００２３）在大气监测优化布点中采用的模糊数学方法，一般应用模糊矩阵幂乘的聚类法［１］，该法的幂乘比较繁琐，分类不尽合理。本文采用模糊矩阵最大元法、Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ法...     

化工园区地下水环境状况调查监测布点研究

借鉴环境风险源目标管理的理念,按照“分区、分类、分级”监测的原则,建立了化工园区地下水环境状况调查监测布点方法体系,并以某化工园区为示例展开应用研究。结果显示,该方法能对化工园区不同区域、不同类型、不同级别的地下水污染源构建差异化监测网络,解决化工园区地下水污染多元化监测布点问题,可为化工园区地下水环境状况调查监测布点方案的拟定或优化调整提供工作参考。     

降水中与pH值有关的离子优选和pH值的PPR预测

应用投影寻踪回归（ＰＰＲ）分析技术的ＳＭＡＲＴ算法得到因子的权重序列,可实现对降水中与酸性ｐＨ值有关的离子的优选。实例分析结果表明,用优选出的离子作为特征因子,建立ｐＨ值的投影寻踪回归预测模型,具有较高的预测精度和较好的稳定性     

Ecological Change and the Challenges for Monitoring

Anthropogenic activities are changing the chemical composition of the global atmosphere. This results in changes to the physical properties as well, such as the radiation balance. These properties are important input variables for biospheric processes. This paper discusses a number of documented ecological changes that have occurred in response to the changing atmosphere. Much of the information has been derived from data collected at integrated monitoring sites. The changing atmosphere is expected to result in many more ecological changes to resources of economic as well as environmental value. Defining and understanding these changes will be necessary for managing sustainable development and poses major challenges for monitoring programs in general and for integrated sites in particular.     

Environmetric approaches for lake pollution assessment

The application of multivariate statistical methods to high mountain lake monitoring data has offered some important conclusions about the importance of environmetric approaches in lake water pollution assessment. Various methods like cluster analysis and principal components analysis were used for classification and projection of the data set from a large number of lakes from Rila Mountain in Bulgaria. Additionally, self-organizing maps of Kohonen were constructed in order to solve some classification tasks. An effort was made to relate the maps with the input data in order to detect classification patterns in the data set. Thus, discrimination chemical parameters for each pattern (cluster) identified were found, which enables better interpretation of the pollution situation. A methodology for application of a combination of different environmetric methods is suggested as a pathway to interpret high mountain lake water monitoring data.     

Evaluation of the best compromise between the urban air quality monitoring resolution by diffusive sampling and resource requirements

The need to collect data representative of overall urban pollution is all-important in order to monitor the population exposure. High spatial resolution monitoring using diffusive samplers allows studying of the urban pollutant distribution, thus enabling deeper investigation of their generation and diffusion mechanisms. Nevertheless, such a monitoring campaign has a certain cost. In this study we point out how to find the best compromise between the number of necessary measurements and the affordable costs for monitoring campaigns. We also describe an innovative method for the proper design of a fixed urban monitoring network by means of preliminary high spatial resolution campaigns using diffusive samplers. Four European capital cities (Dublin, Madrid, Paris and Rome) were monitored six times, each time for seven days. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX) and NO(2) concentrations were measured at 146 sites in Dublin, 293 in Madrid, 339 in Paris and 290 in Rome. Multiscale grids have been drawn which ranged in mesh size from 500 m to 2 km. The statistical processing of data produced a twofold result: the creation of isoconcentration maps with geostatistical procedures, and an algorithm aimed at locating the minimum number of sampling sites where the fixed monitoring stations should be placed. Average urban levels estimated on the basis of these selected sites differ by less than 8% from those calculated on the whole populations of the sampled points. The aim of this work is to investigate how far the resolution of a monitoring campaign of urban pollution by diffusive sampling can be reduced, thus making the monitoring less expensive in terms of human and financial resources, while preserving the same quality of the results that could be achieved with a higher resolution. We found that there is no significant loss of information when the resolution of the monitoring grid for BTEX is lowered to a mesh size of 1.85 km, that is a sampling site each 3.4 km(2), and that the minimum number of sampling sites to be used is N = 0.29 A, where A is the urban surface to be monitored (in km(2)). As the spatial distribution of NO(2) is less sensitive to the distance from the emission source than that of BTEX, this relationship could be retained as a valid lower limit for the mesh grid size also for NO(2) monitoring.     

珠江三角洲地区空气自动监控网络数据空间模拟适用方法

珠江三角洲地区已构建起区域性空气质量自动监测网络,由于初步建立的自动监控网络监测站点对整个区域而言极其有限,如以单离散数据形式发布则不能反映出区域空气污染的连续变化特征和全貌.对有限点位监测结果进行空间模拟研究才能满足反映区域性污染状况的需求.通过运用、比对、评价不同空间插值模型于自动监控网络离散站点的模拟应用,提出了珠江三角洲自动监控网络数据空间模拟适用方法.     

Diurnal models of traffic-generated CO for Penang,Malaysia

Georgetown of Penang, an old city, is noted for its narrow streets. The existing traffic dispersal system is utterly inadequate to cope with the ever increasing number of cars and motorcycles on the road. The principal objective of this study is to build prediction models of CO to be employed as one of the planning tools in the future design of Penang urban traffic dispersal system. This study involves the monitoring of kerbside CO levels at selected sites and the fitting of hourly-averaged CO data to linear regression models incorporating the residual effect of CO emission due to traffic in the earlier periods and also different categories of vehicles. The best overall regression model appears to be the one based upon the total traffic count of motorcycles. This can be accounted for by the fact that the traffic counts of motorcycles and cars are highly correlated in most cases and that the emissions of CO from motorcycles are more readily detected as they travel closer to the kerb. The inclusion of residual CO in the models significantly improves the correlation coefficient from about 0.4 to about 0.7.     

Prioritizing GM crop monitoring sites in the dynamics of cultivation systems and their environment

EU legislation stipulates that GM crops have to be monitored for potential adverse environmental effects. Monitoring preferably should take place in the most exposed areas-the cultivated fields and their neighbouring environment. Current monitoring designs do not give detailed consideration to the different exposure intensities in agricultural practice. At the same time, the selection of specific, more exposed sites is difficult considering the dynamic and diversity of crop cultivation and rotation systems and their environments. We developed an approach for prioritising the monitoring of on-farm and neighbouring sites based on differing exposure levels using a minimum dataset of cultivation and land use information. Applying a Bt-maize cultivation scenario to Brandenburg, Germany, where presently no GM crops are cultivated, we systemised and categorised areas with different spatio-temporal exposure intensities including 50 m, 200 m and 1000 m buffers. These categories correspond to different suitabilities to serve as monitoring sites. Sites are prioritised using a sequential scheme. This yields an improved and objective spatial monitoring design providing detailed exposure information. This methodology is flexible and transferable to any agricultural setting, therefore enabling superior statistical comparisons between locations and regions and thus enhancing monitoring data quality.     

大气污染光学遥感技术及发展趋势

空气质量和气候变化是影响人类生存环境的两大主要因素,它们与大气构成变化密切相关,因此,必须对影响人类生存和决定对流层成分的大气过程进行监测。随着监测技术的发展,大气环境监测方法从常规的监测体系向理化、遥测、应急等多种监测分析方法相结合的综合监测技术方向发展。基于激光/光谱的大气污染监测技术以光学探测和光谱数据解析为核心,探测大气痕量气体和颗粒物的时空分布特征和输送规律,并逐渐运用于球载、无人机、卫星等区域动态遥测,可为中国大气灰霾形成的关键影响因素识别提供技术支持。     

新疆空气质量日报网站数据传输管理系统的设计与实现

利用ASP.NET和ADO.NET技术开发的新疆空气质量日报网站数据传输管理系统,实现了网站空气质量日报的动态管理,同时依托该网站将沙尘暴天气应急监测数据传输系统作为其组成部分,使对新疆境内的区域大气质量监测数据的管理更加及时、高效,提高了工作效率,新疆的城市空气质量日报工作达到全国领先水平.本文对本系统的开发原理、系统的功能特点和设计方案进行了介绍.