气相分子吸收光谱法测定印染废水中氨氮的影响因素

采用气相分子吸收法光谱测定印染废水中的氨氮,并对相关影响因素进行探讨。结果证实,硫化物和尿素会对氨氮的测定产生负干扰,硫化物干扰可用乙酸锌-乙酸钠固定液沉淀法去除,尿素干扰可以用稀释法去除,但仅适用于氨氮质量浓度0.10 mg/L且稀释后尿素质量浓度≤100 mg/L的水样;苯胺、浊度和色度对测定无干扰,可直接检测。     

测定地表水中总磷时去除浊度干扰的方法比较

测定地表水中总磷可采用过硫酸钾消解--钼锑抗分光光度法,分析时取混合水样,摇匀后连同悬浮物一起经过硫酸钾消解,显色测定.江河水体样品多数较浑浊,对测定结果有严重干扰,一般采用浊度-色度补偿法[1](简称补偿法)去除,但是,当样品只有浊度影响时,用消解液过滤法(简称过滤法)和离心法去除,结果也很满意.     

浊度在氨氮测定中的干扰及其消除

对饮用水、地下水、天然水和高度净化过的废水出口的清洁水样 ,采用纳氏试剂光度法测定氨氮时 ,无论是采取直接比色法还是絮凝沉淀预处理水样中 ,存在的浊度往往会对纳氏试剂比色的测定结果产生影响。为此 ,建议做补偿校正 :在5 0 ml比色管中 ,水样定容后加 1 .0 ml酒石酸钾钠溶液 ,混匀。加 1 .5 ml1 5 %氢氧化钾溶液 ,测量吸光度 (此为校正吸光度 )。然后从水样经纳氏试剂比色测得吸光度中减去校正吸光度。浊度在氨氮测定中的干扰及其消除@俞是聃$三明市环境监测站!福建三明365000…     

水体中总氮测定的影响因素及方法改进

对浊度、氯离子及高浓度氨氮对国标法测定总氮的影响进行分析。结果显示,浊度会使地表水中总氮测定的结果偏低,采用消解后3 500 r/min离心可以基本消除该影响;氯离子质量浓度3 000 mg/L时,对220 nm处吸光度值出现正干扰;水体中氨氮浓度较高时,会出现总氮测定结果严重偏低的现象,采用趁热摇匀法可以有效地避免高氨氮的干扰。     

离心法去除地表水中浊度对总磷测定的影响

用过硫酸钾-钼锑抗分光光度法测定地表水中总磷时,水样浑浊对测定有严重的影响。一般采用浊度-色度补偿法[1]或消解液过滤法[2]以消除浊度对测定的干扰,但这两法都有不足之处。今采用离心法来消除浊度取得了很好的效果。1　试验11　主要仪器和试剂ＬＸＪ-Ⅱ型离心机;其他仪器及试剂同文献[1]。12　测定水样消解,均按文献[1]有关内容进行。消解液过滤法:用中速滤纸将消解液滤入50ｍＬ比色管中,再用水洗烧瓶及滤纸,一起并入比色管中,加水至刻度,显色步骤同文献[1]。离心法:先定容至50ｍＬ,分别加入抗坏血酸溶液1ｍＬ和钼酸盐溶液2ｍＬ[1],显色…     

地表水总磷测定中现场前处理方式及分析方法比对研究

针对目前地表水总磷测定中样品采集和分析过程普遍存在的技术问题,选取多泥沙河流(长江、黄河)、感潮河段(浙闽片区)、湖库(太湖流域) 3类典型水体的多个点位,以及代表一般河流(除多泥沙河流和感潮河段以外的河流)水体的点位为研究对象,探讨不同现场前处理方式和分析方法对总磷测定结果的影响。结果表明:现场前处理方式是影响总磷测定结果的主要因素,总磷浓度与浊度呈正相关。对于地表水采样,建议一般河流(沉降30 min后,浊度50 NTU)采用沉降30 min的现场前处理方式,泥沙含量大的水体(沉降30 min后,浊度≥50 NTU)采用4000 r/min离心2 min的现场前处理方式,多藻类湖库水体采用63μm筛过滤的现场前处理方式。可通过浊度色度补偿消除实验室比色干扰。     

过硫酸钾-钼锑抗分光光度法测定地表水中总磷的若干影响因素

当采用过硫酸钾 -钼锑抗分光光度法测定地表水中总磷时 ,实验用具塞比色管以及水样浑浊等诸多因素均对测定结果有一定影响 ,现就工作中的实际情况 ,谈一些经验和处理方法。1　比色管化学实验室所用的玻璃器皿 ,大多数是含有少量碱金属的硼硅酸盐 ,在实验条件下 ,能生成痕量硅钼蓝 ,对磷的测定引入正误差。因此 ,对于新的比色管 ,必须先进行与样品测定完全相同的分析处理 ,测定其空白吸光值 ,空白吸光值较高的比色管 ,宜经过多次消解、测定 ,若空白值仍然偏高 ,则该比色管必须剔除。2　浊度若水样浑浊 ,一般采用浊度 -色度补偿法作补偿校正以…     

水中氨氮测定前处理的改进

地表水中氨氮测定的前处理多采用絮凝沉淀-滤纸过滤法。由于滤纸常含微量铵盐 ,因此要反复用纯水和水样清洗除去 ,增加了操作复杂性。另外 ,有时会遇到絮凝物呈胶体状而产生过滤困难 ,增加了操作时间。经实践 ,在絮凝沉淀后 ,改用离心沉淀法除去絮凝沉淀物 ,不仅能缩短前处理时间 ,而且可避免沾污的发生。水中氨氮测定前处理的改进@戴建红$泰兴市环境监测站!江苏　泰兴　225400     

跨界水体联合监测中总磷测定的问题探讨

研究了不同分析方法、去浊度手段和预处理方式对地表水总磷测定的影响。结果表明:钼酸铵分光光度法在跨界水体联合监测中较连续流动分析法、氯化亚锡还原光度法、孔雀绿-磷钼杂多酸分光光度法更为适用;在水样没有色度的情况下,采用浊度-色度补偿法和离心法都能有效消除浊度干扰,相对误差±10%;预处理方式的不同是导致各监测单位测定结果可比性差的最关键因素。     

紫外分光光度法测定废水中的酚

酚的工业污染来自炼油、炼焦、煤气洗涤和某些化工厂的废水中.寻求和不断改善测酚方法,具有现实意义.测定水体中的酚,通常以苯酚作标准品,消除干扰物后使用4-氨基安替比林显色后进行比色定量测定.我们在工作中采用紫外分光光度法直接测定,取得较满意的结果,测定方法如下.一、干扰物的消除较为清洁的水样可蒸馏一次,取馏出液直接测定,对于污染严重的水样在蒸馏前要用下法消除干扰物.     

Estimation of chlorophyll a content in inland turbidity waters using WorldView-2 imagery: a case study of the Guanting Reservoir,Beijing, China

Complex optical properties, such as non-pigment suspension and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), make it difficult to achieve accurate estimations of remotely sensed chlorophyll a (Chla) content of inland turbidity. Recent attempts have been made to estimate Chla based on red and near-infrared regions where non-pigment suspension and CDOM have little effect on water reflectance. The objective of this study is to validate the applicability of WV-2 imagery with existing effective estimation methods from MERIS when estimating Chla content in inland turbidity waters. The correlation analysis of measured Chla content and WV-2 imagery bands shows that the Chla sensitive bands of WV-2 are red edge, NIR 1, and NIR 2. The coastal band is designed for seawater Chla detection. However, the high correlation with turbidity data and low correlation with Chla made coastal band unsuitable for estimating Chla in inland waters. The high-resolution water body images were extracted by combining the spectral products (NDWI) with the spatial morphological products (sobel edge detection). The estimation results show that the accuracy of the single band and NDCI is not as good as the two-band method, three-band method, stepwise regression algorithm (SRA) and support vector machines (SVM). The SVM estimation accuracy was the highest with an R², RMSE, and URMSE of 0.8387, 0.4714, and 19.11%, respectively. This study demonstrates that the two-band and three-band methods are effective for estimating Chla in inland water for WV-2 imagery. As a high-precision estimation method, SVM has great potential for inland turbidity water Chla estimation.     

Assessing the risk posed by high-turbidity water to water supplies

The objective of this study is to assess the risk of insufficient water supply posed by high-turbidity water. Several phenomena can pose risks to the sufficiency of a water supply; this study concerns risks to water treatment plants from particular properties of rainfall and raw water turbidity. High-turbidity water can impede water treatment plant operations; rainfall properties can influence the degree of soil erosion. Thus, water turbidity relates to rainfall characteristics. Exceedance probabilities are presented for different rainfall intensities and turbidities of water. When the turbidity of raw water is higher than 5,000 NTU, it can cause operational problems for a water treatment plant. Calculations show that the turbidity of raw water at the Ban-Sin water treatment plant will be higher than 5,000 NTU if the rainfall intensity is larger than 165 mm/day. The exceedance probability of high turbidity (turbidity >5,000 NTU) in the Ban-Sin water treatment plant is larger than 10%. When any water treatment plant cannot work regularly, its ability to supply water to its customers is at risk.     

Performance comparison of three methods for detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Giardia</Emphasis> spp. cysts and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptosporidium</Emphasis> spp. oocysts in drinking-water treatment sludge

Detecting pathogenic protozoa in drinking-water treatment sludge is a challenge as existing methods are complex, and unfortunately, there are no specific technical standards to follow. Selecting an efficient analytical method is imperative in developing countries, such as Brazil, in order to evaluate the risk of parasite infection. In this context, three methods to detect Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were tested in sludge generated when water with protozoa and high turbidity was treated. Jar testing was carried out using polyaluminium chloride as a coagulant to generate the residue to be analyzed. The results showed that calcium carbonate flocculation with reduced centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation obtained the highest recoveries in the tested matrix showing 60.2%?±?26.2 for oocysts and 46.1%?±?5 for cysts. The other two methods, the first using the ICN 7× cleaning solution and the second considering the acidification of the sample, both followed by the immunomagnetic separation step, also presented high recoveries showing 41.2%?±?43.3 and 37.9%?±?52.9 for oocysts and 11.5%?±?85.5 and 26%?±?16.3 for cysts, respectively. Evidently, these methods and others should be studied in order to make it possible to detect protozoa in settled residue.     

水质丁基黄原酸测定难点探讨

丁基黄原酸是水质监测的重要项目之一。水中丁基黄原酸的测定,在样品采集保存、前处理及仪器分析各阶段都存在一定的技术难点。实际分析时很容易出现测定结果不理想,甚至定性定量错误等问题。结合实验对丁基黄原酸测定中容易出现的问题及注意事项进行探讨,正确区分丁基黄原酸及其盐,有效保存样品,采用低损失的前处理方法以及选择性好的分析仪器,有利于提高丁基黄原酸测定的准确性。众多丁基黄原酸测定方法中,液相色谱质谱法、离子色谱法以及液相色谱法在选择性和灵敏度方面更具优势,也可用于其他方法检出丁基黄原酸时对测定进行确认。     

Improving Salmonella determination in Sinaloa rivers with ultrafiltration and most probable number methods

Monitoring of waterborne pathogens is improved by using concentration methods prior to detection; however, direct microbial enumeration is desired to study microbial ecology and human health risks. The aim of this work was to determine Salmonella presence in river water with an ultrafiltration system coupled with the ISO 6579:1993 isolation standard method (UFS-ISO). Most probable number (MPN) method was used directly in water samples to estimate Salmonella populations. Additionally, the effect between Salmonella determination and water turbidity was evaluated. Ten liters or three tenfold dilutions (1, 0.1, and 0.01 mL) of water were processed for Salmonella detection and estimation by the UFS-ISO and MPN methods, respectively. A total of 84 water samples were tested, and Salmonella was confirmed in 64/84 (76%) and 38/84 (44%) when UFS-ISO and MPN were used, respectively. Salmonella populations were less than 5 × 10(3) MPN/L in 73/84 of samples evaluated (87%), and only three (3.5%) showed contamination with numbers greater than 4.5 × 10(4) MPN/L. Water turbidity did not affect Salmonella determination regardless of the performed method. These findings suggest that Salmonella abundance in Sinaloa rivers is not a health risk for human infections in spite of its persistence. Thus, choosing the appropriate strategy to study Salmonella in river water samples is necessary to clarify its behavior and transport in the environment.     

改进后EROD法与仪器分析法应用比对研究

环境二■英类污染物受到广泛关注,目前常用的二■英类物质检测方法有仪器分析法(高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱法)和生物检测法。生物检测法具有便捷高效、成本低廉等优点,但其测定值普遍高于仪器分析法,关键原因是生物检测法在前处理阶段未能完全消除非二■英类物质的干扰。改进了传统7-乙氧基-3-异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)生物检测法的前处理方法,并利用改进后的EROD法与仪器分析法对相同环境样品进行检测,对比分析两种方法得到的二■英毒性当量数据。结果显示,改进后的细分前处理手段结合梨形烧瓶-Mix前处理手段能有效提高二■英类物质的回收率(接近100%),并且改进后的EROD法的检测结果与仪器分析法测定的二■英当量结果相当,说明通过改进前处理方法可以将生物检测法的准确度提高到与仪器分析法一致的水平。研究结论可为生物检测法在环境样品二■英类污染物检测中的应用和推广提供有效的数据参考。     

地下水采样方法比对研究

选取3种地下水采样方法开展方法比对研究。通过系统分析监测数据,指出了3种方法所采水样在基本水质参数、无机离子、金属、挥发性有机物以及感官类指标等项目监测上的显著差异,指出了各种方法的适用性并分析原因。结果表明:与贝勒管法、潜水泵法相比,低流速法有效地解决了采样操作过程中易产生的曝气问题;对井内水体扰动较小,降低了水样浊度;减小了井内水位的大幅度泄降,避免了不同层位间污染物的迁移及周边水和井内滞水的交叉污染;节约了场地操作时间和后期污水处理所需花费。因此,低流速法在采取代表性水质样品方面更具方法优势。     

微波消解-离子色谱法测定地表水中痕量总磷

总磷是评价河湖地表水富营养程度的重要指标,但现阶段测定总磷常用的钼酸铵分光光度法、流动注射法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法等灵敏度较低,不能满足地表水I类质量标准中对总磷的测定需要.为降低总磷测定方法的检出限,将环境监测实验室常用的微波消解前处理技术和离子色谱的测定方法相结合,优化微波消解和离子色谱条件,方法检出限可达0...     

环境中有机紫外吸收剂前处理及仪器分析方法研究进展

有机紫外吸收剂(OUVs)是广泛应用于个人护理品及工业产品的一种光稳定剂,也是一种新型"准"持久性有机污染物。由于环境样品基质复杂,且OUVs种类多、含量低,快速高效的样品前处理及准确灵敏的检测方法是提高OUVs监测精准度的基础。综述了自2005年以来环境样品中OUVs的常规前处理方法及分析方法。首先,在介绍水体、沉积物、生物样品前处理方法应用的基础上,分析了富集填料、洗脱剂、净化方法等实验条件对回收率的影响,目前在水体、沉积物、生物样品中,OUVs的回收率分别为14%~133.7%、30%~183%、46%~128%。其次,总结了质谱技术在OUVs分析中的应用,表明OUVs检测方法已经由传统的气相色谱-单四极杆联用逐渐过渡到液相色谱-串联质谱联用,并且着重阐述了离子源对OUVs信号强度影响的重要性。最后,结合OUVs监测现状,展望了环境样品中OUVs监测分析方法的发展趋势。