机场周围区域飞机噪声监测方法对比研究

中国机场周围区域飞机噪声监测一直采用计权等效连续感觉噪声级L_(WECPN)为评价量,标准修订后拟采用昼夜等效声级L_(dn)为评价量,监测方法也相应更改。该文通过理论推导及宁波栎社机场噪声现场监测数据,系统比较了2种机场周围区域飞机噪声监测方法,并分析了监测结果的差异及影响因素。结果表明:L_(WECPN)与L_(dn)在相差10 dB的基础上,差值受到单次飞机噪声值和傍晚飞行次数2个因素影响。单次飞机噪声监测量L_(EPN)和L_(AE)在飞机匀速直线经过时差值约为3.75 dB,实际上受到飞行航迹、飞机运动状态、噪声传播环境、突发噪声干扰等因素影响,此次监测的187次飞机L_(EPN)和L_(AE)的差值范围为2.1～5.5 dB。傍晚飞行次数引起的监测结果差值范围为0～4.8 dB。     

高原机场飞机噪声监测与计算结果比较分析

高原机场飞机架次较少,机型单一,飞行周期稳定,以及高原特殊的环境特征,有时会导致现场实际噪声监测数据无效。应用综合噪声模型(INM)软件对青海玉树机场飞机噪声进行计算,其结果与监测结果比较显示,计算值和监测值误差在±6 d B的范围以内。探讨提出采用飞机噪声计算模式,可以为高原机场飞机噪声管理提供可靠技术支撑。     

机场周围飞机噪声测量的影响因素分析

简要回顾了机场周围飞机噪声的测量方法、评价指标;针对测量过程中存在的问题,从测量周期、飞行架次分布、机型的代表性、环境背景噪声等几个方面考察了对测量数据的影响,对机场周围飞机噪声测量的影响因素进行了分析;论证了缩短测量周期的可行性,当每天的飞行架次在200架左右时,以3 d取代7 d的做法较为可行;对于飞机噪声测量过程中存在的问题,提出了个人看法和建议。     

铁路专用线验收噪声监测方法探讨

铁路专用线与国铁线路相比,具有流量低、分布不均的特点,《声环境质量标准》（GB3096—2008）中交通干线两侧的铁路不包括铁路专用线,铁路专用线两侧的噪声敏感点应该执行相应功能区噪声标准,与铁路边界的距离无关,以火车通过时最大噪声值与背景值比较,评价对其噪声敏感点的影响。本文通过实测数据对铁路专用线噪声监测方法提出看...     

特高压换流站噪声源测试与预测技术研究

科学识别和获取特高压换流站内主要噪声源特性,在此基础上对换流站噪声影响进行分析预测,用于换流站噪声评价、设计和防护。在复杂声场环境条件下,通过现场录波、噪声与振动同步测试等方法,结合噪声理论知识,识别出换流变压器的优势谱点为400 Hz,该点占整个频谱噪声贡献值90%以上,同时识别出交流滤波器场电抗器特征频率点与电抗器所滤除的谐波频率相一致,且换流变压器和交流滤波器场电抗器的声压与振动优势频点具有较强的相关性。根据噪声源特性,对其计算模型进行相应的改进,可提高换流站噪声预测结果的准确性。     

机场周围飞机噪声影响规律的研究

针对目前我国飞机噪声对机场周围敏感区域影响的状况,应用大量的环保验收等实测数据,对机场周围飞机噪声的变化规律进行了分析研究.其结果时于情况相近的机场周围飞机噪声的管理与治理提供参考.     

不同类型机场项目环保管理问题分析

简述了全国机场的主要分类。根据近几年对各类型机场开展验收监测的实际情况及经验,指出了不同类型机场面临的主要环境问题;对机场项目验收中干线及以上规模机场飞机噪声污染、尾气排放,支线机场生态保护、中水回用、不同类型机场飞机噪声监测等问题进行了分析;就完善机场项目环保管理问题提出了建议。     

浅谈中国机场噪声监控系统的发展

简述了机场噪声监控系统,分析了机场噪声监控系统在噪声管理上的作用,指出了国内机场噪声监控系统存在的问题,机场噪声管理水平落后,相关法律规范不够完善,机场噪声监控系统的应用处于探索阶段,机场噪声监控设备的软件功能有待加强。提出,应加快噪声监控系统相关的技术标准体系建设,对国内相关企业加强资金投入,扶持自主技术的研发,推行试点研究,示范项目学习,注重自主研发,推进公众参与度,提升服务功能。     

机场周边环境噪声验收监测频次探究

通过比较3个不同类型机场周边敏感点噪声连续1昼夜、连续2昼夜与连续7昼夜平均计权等效连续感觉声级值之间的差异发现,对于同一监测目标,连续1昼夜与连续7昼夜声级值差异不超过2.2 d B,连续2昼夜与连续7昼夜声级值差异不超过1.8 d B,连续1昼夜或2昼夜与连续7昼夜的噪声监测结果差别不大。     

兰州交通大学校园噪声的监测与评价

对兰州交通大学校园环境噪声进行了实地监测,分析了兰州交通大学校园内教学区和学生生活区的环境噪声污染状况,结果表明,兰州交通大学教学区和生活区的噪声值存在不同程度的超标,其中生活区夜间噪声值超标最为严重。最后针对监测中发现的问题提出了相应的对策.     

基于WRF-NAQPMS的一次沙尘天气预报评估

为提高沙尘天气的预报准确率,利用ECWMF再分析资料和近地面PM₁₀小时质量浓度监测数据,评估WRFNAQPMS模式对2021年3月15—21日甘肃强沙尘过程的预报能力。结果表明,WRF-NAQPMS能够在一定程度上模拟此次污染过程:WRF对“3· 15”天气系统的模拟与实况整体趋势较为一致,随着预报时效延长,气象模拟场移动偏快,导致沙尘预报场发展偏快、沙尘二次传输影响下游时间提前;近地面风向的局地偏差是导致甘肃中东部地区沙尘浓度出现预报误差的主要气象因素。NAQPMS模式对PM₁₀小时质量浓度的模拟随着预报时效增加和离沙源地距离的增大,预报误差逐步增大:在河西地区,沙尘影响时段和起沙浓度的模拟值均接近监测值,其中嘉峪关、酒泉、张掖的PM₁₀小时质量浓度模拟值与监测值相关系数r>0.8;中部地区城市的沙尘影响时段预报略有偏差,且模拟值低于监测值;受复杂下垫面和气象场预报误差影响,省内其他地区沙尘预报结果参考性较低。     

新标准下环境空气质量监控网络完善实践 ——以珠三角地区佛山市为例

介绍珠三角及佛山市新标准监测网络结构,从拓宽网络有效覆盖范围、提升网络对污染研究的支撑能力、以及巩固数据实时发布工作基础等多角度分析了网络完善需求,提出了下一阶段网络建设的重点措施建议,并介绍了佛山市目前计划进行的网络完善工作。     

Operational and Design Considerations of a Trickling Filter for Ammonia Removal from Potable Water

We studied the steady-state behavior of a mathematical model of a nitrifying trickling filter. In particular, we studied the effect of the operating conditions of the filter on the complete and safe nitrification. We presented the results with the help of the operating diagram of the system and we determined the range of operating conditions resulting in optimal operation. We also computed biofilm thickness along the filter depth and concentration profiles inside the biofilm, and compared them with experimental results found in the literature. The comparison shows very good qualitative agreement between model predictions and experimental data.     

Geostatistical analysis as applied to two environmental radiometric time series

This article details the results of an investigation into the application of geostatistical data analysis to two environmentalradiometric time series. The data series employed consist of ⁹⁹Tc values for seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) and seawater samples taken as part of a marine monitoring program conducted on the coast of northern Norway by the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. Geostatistical methods were selected in order to provide information on values of the variables at unsampled times and to investigate the temporalcorrelation exhibited by the data sets. This information is ofuse in the optimisation of future sampling schemes and for providing information on the temporal behaviour of the variablesin question that may not be obtained during a cursory analysis.The results indicate a high degree of temporal correlation withinthe data sets, the correlation for the seawater and seaweed databeing modelled with an exponential and linear function,respectively. The semi-variogram for the seawater data indicatesa temporal range of correlation of approximately 395 days with noapparent random component to the overall variance structure and was described best by an exponential function. The temporal structure of the seaweed data was best modelled by a linear function with a small nugget component. Evidence of drift was present in both semi-variograms. Interpolation of the data setsusing the fitted models and a simple kriging procedure were compared, using a cross-validation procedure, with simple linearinterpolation. Results of this exercise indicate that, for theseawater data, the kriging procedure outperformed the simpleinterpolation with respect to error distribution andcorrelation of estimates with actual values. Using theunbounded linear model with the seaweed data produced estimatesthat were only marginally better than those produced by thesimple interpolation.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.     

Distribution and abundance of western gray whales during a seismic survey near Sakhalin Island, Russia

Exxon Neftegas Limited, operator of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf off northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia. DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG), on behalf of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, conducted a 3-D seismic survey of the Odoptu license area during 17 August–9 September 2001. A portion of the primary known feeding area of the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is located adjacent to the seismic block. The data presented here were collected as part of daily monitoring to determine if there was any measurable effect of the seismic survey on the distribution and abundance of western gray whales. Mitigation and monitoring program included aerial surveys conducted between 19 July and 19 November using the methodology outlined by the Southern California High Energy Seismic Survey team (HESS). These surveys provided documentation of the distribution, abundance and bottom feeding activity of western gray whales in relation to seismic survey sounds. From an operations perspective, the aerial surveys provided near real-time data on the location of whales in and outside the feeding area, and documented whether whales were displaced out of an area normally used as feeding habitat. The objectives of this study were to assess (a) temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of gray whales in relation to seismic survey, and (b) the influence of seismic survey, environmental factors, and other variables on the distribution and abundance of gray whales within their preferred feeding area adjacent to Piltun Bay. Multiple regression analysis revealed a limited redistribution of gray whales southward within the Piltun feeding area when the seismic survey was fully operational. A total of five environmental and other variables unrelated to seismic survey (date and proxies of depth, sea state and visibility) and one seismic survey-related variable (seg3d, i.e., received sound energy accumulated over 3 days) had statistically significant effects on the distribution and abundance of gray whales. The distribution of two to four gray whales observed on the surface (i.e., about five to ten whales in total) has likely been affected by the seismic survey. However, the total number of gray whales observed within the Piltun feeding area remained stable during the seismic survey. M. W. Newcomer, Deceased.     

二氧化硫甲醛吸收液动态稳定性的实验研究

通过对测定大气中二氧化硫甲醛吸收液动态稳定性的研究,探讨了稳定性对２４小时连续监测（手工采样）结果的影响及采样时间、流量和吸收液用量因素对监测结果影响的理论揭示。     

Evaluating greywater reuse potential for sustainable water resources management in Oman

This study aims to evaluate the potential of greywater availability in Muscat Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman, to establish a methodology for greywater quantity estimation, to test greywater quality in order to assess reuse potential, and to examine public acceptance for reuse.Total fresh water consumption and greywater generation from different household sources were measured by water meters in five selected households during summer and winter. Additionally, a survey was designed and conducted in five administrative areas of Muscat Governorate, with the objective of testing a methodology for estimating greywater generation potential in these areas. Collected data were compared with that used by the Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water, Sultanate of Oman. The survey covered a total of 169 houses and 1,365 people. Greywater samples were collected and analyzed from showers, laundries, kitchens and sinks in some of these households to determine their water quality parameters. Statistical analysis results indicated that there is no significant variance in the total fresh water consumption between data used by the ministry and those measured and estimated during this study, highlighting the applicability of the tested method. The study concluded that the average per capita greywater generation rate is 151 Lpcd. Greywater production ranged from 80 to 83% of the total fresh water consumption and most of the greywater is generated from showers. Further, 55 to 57% of the greywater generated in a typical Omani household originated from the shower, 28 to 33% originated from the kitchen, 6 to 9% originated from laundry, and 5 to 7% originated from sink, which constitutes approximately 81% of the total fresh water consumption. The physical, chemical, and biological analyses of the grab samples revealed that greywater contains significant levels of suspended solids, inorganic constituents, total organic carbon, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands, total Coliforms and Escherichia Coliform bacteria. The public acceptance survey illustrated that approximately 76% of the respondents accepted the reuse of greywater for gardening, 53% for car washing and 66% for toilet flushing.     

EOX concentrations in sediment in the part of the Bothnian Bay affected by effluents from the pulp and paper mills at Kemi, Northern Finland

The Bothnian Bay, which is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia in Northern Finland, is affected by effluents discharged from point sources such as the pulp and paper mills of Stora Enso Oyj Veitsiluoto Mill and Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab Kemi Mill at Kemi, and the Kemi municipal sewage plant, as well as the River Kemijoki. In this paper we discuss, how modernisation of the wastewater treatment plant at the mills, and process investments in the Best Available Techniques (BAT) for effluent treatment, have decreased the effluent discharges of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (Tot-P), total nitrogen (TOT-N), total suspended solids (TSS) and adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX) from the mills since 1988. One specific aim of the study was to determine the EOX (Extractable Organically Bound Halogens) concentrations in bottom sediment of the Bothnian Bay in order to assess whether the EOX concentrations reflect the reduction in discharges of chlorinated compounds. According to the monitoring program carried out every third year between 1997–2006, the decreasing trend in EOX concentrations in the top 2 cm of the bottom sediment reflect the decrease in organochlorine discharges (AOX) from the mills. In 1997 the EOX concentrations in bottom sediment varied between 3–70 μg of Cl g^?1 (dry weight), and in 2006 between 3.3–32 μg of Cl g^?1 (dry weight).