山仔水库叶绿素a与环境因子的相关分析及富营养化评价

依据2003年3～11月对山仔水库的逐月调查和监测数据,分析叶绿素a含量的时空分布情况，探讨叶绿素a与相关环境因子的关系,并应用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数对山仔水库水质进行分析评价。结果表明，山仔水库除了3、10、11月份处于中营养状态,其余月份都处于富营养化状态。叶绿素a具有明显的时空分布特征。日溪进口和山仔水库坝前的叶绿素a含量较高;初夏和秋末出现高峰，叶绿素a含量分别高达211 mg/m^3和93mg/m^3。多元统计分析表明，与山仔水库叶绿素a含量显著相关的因子是水温和溶解氧。生物因子评价表明，山仔水库浮游藻类的种类和数量都达到了富营养化水平。     

基于环境一号卫星CCD数据的巢湖叶绿素a的动态监测

环境一号卫星CCD数据具有获取周期短、空间分辨率高等特点,能够及时准确地监测叶绿素a的浓度变化和分布,其在内陆湖泊水质遥感监测方面具有良好的应用前景。文章通过星地同步地面实验,建立起巢湖水体的叶绿素a浓度遥感反演模型,利用2009年4月至2010年3月的环境一号卫星CCD数据,分季节对巢湖叶绿素a行动态监测和分析。结果表明,巢湖叶绿素a具有明显的时空分布特征,夏季叶绿素a浓度最高,冬季最低,秋季高于春季;西半湖湖区叶绿素a浓度一般高于东半湖湖区,西北部和中部湖区空间变化比较大,东部湖区变化较小。     

柴窝堡湖营养状态和限制因子分析及富营养化防治对策

应用柴窝堡湖2005—2009年的监测数据,对其水质进行评价,并用综合营养状态指数法分析了湖库总体富营养化水平,利用水质N／P比值和叶绿素a的相关分析,探讨了湖库富营养化的限制因子,并对改善水质提出了几点建议。     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构、影响因子及水质评价

为研究抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。基于2017年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)和2018年2月(冬季)抚仙湖浮游植物和部分水质理化指标的监测数据,分析了浮游植物群落结构特征,通过冗余分析(RDA)研究了影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子,同时运用藻类生物学法和综合营养状态指数法TLI(∑)对抚仙湖水质进行综合评价。结果表明,共鉴定出浮游植物7门54属,绿藻在种类组成上占绝对优势。不同季节浮游植物细胞密度存在明显变化,春季细胞密度最高(401.74×10~4 cells/L),其次为夏季(247.31×10~4 cells/L)和秋季(143.41×10~4 cells/L),冬季最低(88.98×10~4 cells/L)。浮游植物优势属在不同季节有所不同,各季节绝对优势属为伪鱼腥藻属(春季)、转板藻属(夏秋季)、小环藻属和蓝隐藻属(冬季)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)变化趋势一致,夏季值最高,分别为2.76和0.64,冬季值最低,分别为2.13和0.50。Berger-Parker优势度指数(D)变化与H′和J相反,冬季最高(0.945),夏季最低(0.922)。RDA表明,水温、溶解氧和高锰酸盐指数是影响抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子。综合评价认为,抚仙湖水质处于贫中营养状态。     

嘉陵江南充段枯水期叶绿素a与营养盐的空间分布特征

在嘉陵江南充段及其主要入江支流布设18个采样点,测定总氮、总磷和叶绿素a等水质参数,探讨叶绿素a和氮磷有机物空间分布特征及其潜在影响因素,并运用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数（TSI）评价嘉陵江南充段及其主要入江支流采样点富营养化水平。结果表明：嘉陵江南充段氮磷元素及叶绿素a表现出南充市市区段浓度高;东河、西溪河、螺溪河、西河等支流受人类活动的影响大,氮磷及叶绿素a含量较高;嘉陵江南充段及其支流采样点TSI值在4995～6369之间变化,西河富营养化最严重（TSI为6369）,氮营养盐和溶解氧是影响嘉陵江南充段富营养化状态的主要因子。     

杭州西湖水体生态环境参数的相互关系

采用 2 0 0 0年的西湖常规监测数据 ,分析了西湖水体中生态环境特征参数的季节变化和相互关系。分析表明 ,西湖水体各生态环境参数 ,除总氮外 ,均呈现出明显的季节性变化 ,总磷、溶性正磷酸盐、叶绿素 a和藻类季节变化一致 ,在夏季形成高峰 ,冬季最低 ;三无机氮高峰值出现在冬季 ,夏季含量为全年最低。 2 0 0 0年西湖水体总氮年均值为 2 .0 5 m g/L ,总磷年均值为 0 .12 6mg/L ,N/P大于 16,西湖属于磷控制型富营养湖泊。通过相关分析 ,从另一方面说明磷是西湖水体的限制因子 ;硝酸盐对西湖沉积物和湖水之间的磷酸盐平衡有一定的影响 ;硝酸盐对西湖水体中浮游植物生长繁殖可能有抑制作用     

江阴地区主要内河叶绿素a动态特征及其与环境因子的相关分析

根据江阴市四条主要内河锡澄运河、白屈港河、张家港河及横河的监测数据，分析叶绿素?a（Chla）的动态变化及其与理化水质因子的相关关系，并建立逐步回归多元线性模型，筛选与Chla显著相关的水质因子。结果表明，四条河道Chla存在明显的时间变化和空间分异。不同河道对Chla有显著影响的水质因子各不相同。总体来说，锡澄运河、白屈港河及张家港河Chla的主要影响因子为水温和外源输入，而横河除了这两个因子外，还受P和NH3-N影响。     

长春南湖底泥疏浚前后水因子分析及动态变化

监测了长春南湖底泥疏浚后的DO、NH4＿N、NO2＿N、NO3＿N、BOD5、CODCr、TN、TP、SS、pH、SD和水温等12项水化学指标。用因子分析方法找出了底泥疏浚前后影响南湖水质的主要因子,分析了底泥疏浚前后南湖水质变化的特征和底泥疏浚对南湖水质的影响,分析结果表明,南湖疏浚前主要污染物是总磷,疏浚后总磷对水质的影响降低,悬浮物作用增大。     

九龙江北溪pH值异常变化与生化因子相关性的研究

监测结果表明,九龙江北溪部分断面CODMn浓度介于中富营养～富营养之间,总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度均达到极富营养水平。经统计分析,pH值与甲藻显著相关(r=0.327,P=0.025),与溶解氧(r=0.762,P=0.000)、高锰酸盐指数(r=0.456,P=0.001)、总氮(r=0.482,P=0.001)、总磷(r=0.507,P=0.000)和叶绿素a(r=0.649,P=0.000)等非常显著相关。研究表明,虽然各项化学因子与pH值密切相关,但不是pH值变化的直接原因,而是由于水体富营养程度严重且已形成了藻类生境,甲藻的异常增殖才导致pH值异常升高。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.     

Radionuclide Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska

Concentrations of 13 radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ¹²⁹I, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁹Tc, ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, ²³⁸U were examined in seven species of invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands, in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska, using gamma spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and alpha spectroscopy. Amchitka Island was the site of three underground nuclear test (1965–1971), and we tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in radionuclide concentrations between Amchitka and the reference site (Kiska) and there were no differences among species. The only radionuclides where composite samples were above the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) were ¹³⁷Cs, ²⁴¹Am, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, and ²³⁸U. Green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus), giant chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), plate limpets (Tectura scutum) and giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) were only tested for ¹³⁷Cs; octopus was the only species with detectable levels of ¹³⁷Cs (0.262 ± 0.029 Bq/kg, wet weight). Only rock jingle (Pododesmus macroschisma), blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) were analyzed for the actinides. There were no interspecific differences in ²⁴¹Am and ^239,240Pu, and almost no samples above the MDA for ²³⁸Pu and ²³⁶U. Horse mussels had significantly higher concentrations of ²³⁴U (0.844 ± 0.804 Bq/kg) and ²³⁸U (0.730 ± 0.646) than the other species (both isotopes are naturally occurring). There were no differences in actinide concentrations between Amchitka and Kiska. In general, radionuclides in invertebrates from Amchitka were similar to those from uncontaminated sites in the Northern Hemisphere, and below those from the contaminated Irish Sea. There is a clear research need for authors to report the concentrations of radionuclides by species, rather than simply as ‘shellfish’, for comparative purposes in determining geographical patterns, understanding possible effects, and for estimating risk to humans from consuming different biota.     

Kelp as a Bioindicator: Does it Matter Which Part of 5 M Long Plant is Used for Metal Analysis?

Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。