汽车排放污染物及检测知识

随着我国汽车保有量的不断提高 ,汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响已经引起人们的广泛重视 ,并采用各种各样的方法进行治理 ,国家有关部门也为此制订了相关的标准和法规。本文简单介绍汽车排放污染物及其检测方面的基本知识。1　汽车排放污染物有害成分的危害1 .1　一氧化碳 ( CO)的危害CO经人呼吸进入肺部 ,被血液吸收后能与体内血红蛋白结合成一氧化碳 -血红蛋白。一氧化碳与血红蛋白的亲和力比氧化血红蛋白的亲和力要大 2 50倍。一氧化碳 -血红蛋白一经形成 ,离解很慢 ,容易造成低氧血症 ,因而导致人体组织缺氧。当大气中的一氧化碳浓度…     

汽车排放污染物及检测知识

随着我国汽车保有量的不断提高 ,汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响已经引起人们的广泛重视 ,并采用各种各样的方法进行治理 ,国家有关部门也为此制订了相关的标准和法规。本文简单介绍汽车排放污染物及其检测方面的基本知识。1　汽车排放污染物有害成分的危害1 .1　一氧化碳 ( CO)的危害CO经人呼吸进入肺部 ,被血液吸收后能与全内血红蛋白结合成一氧化碳 -血红蛋白。一氧化碳与血红蛋白的亲和力比氧与血红蛋白的亲和力要大 2 50倍。一氧化碳 -血红蛋白一经形成 ,离解很慢 ,容易造成低氧血症 ,因而导致人体组织缺氧。当大气中的一氧化碳浓度…     

汽车排放污染物及检测知识

随着我国汽车保有量的不断提高 ,汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响已经引起人们的广泛重视 ,并采用各种各样的方法进行治理 ,国家有关部门也为此制订了相关的标准和法规。本文简单介绍汽车排放污染物及其检测方面的基本知识。1　汽车排放污染物有害成分的危害1 .1　一氧化碳 ( CO)的危害CO经人呼吸进入肺部 ,被血液吸收后能与体内血红蛋白结合成一氧化碳 -血红蛋白。一氧化碳与血红蛋白的亲和力比氧与血红蛋白的亲和力要大 2 50倍。一氧化碳 -血红蛋白一经形成 ,离解很慢 ,容易造成低氧血症 ,因而导致人体组织缺氧。当大气中的一氧化碳浓度…     

过硫酸钾氧化——钼锑抗比色法测定总磷

用过硫酸钾氧化,在高压蒸气灭菌器中,将样品进行消解,将不同形态的磷转化为正磷酸盐。用抗坏血酸为还原剂,锑盐为催化剂钼兰分光光度法测定总磷。     

无汞盐快速法测定水和废水中的COD

在56％硫酸介质、重钾酸钾的化学氧化体系中,以少量的硫酸银作催化剂,使用钼酸铵、硫酸铝钾为助催化剂、消解15分钟,测定水和废水中的COD。对于含氯离子水样则加1ml25％硝酸银溶液,使生成难以离解的氯化银沉淀,从而抑制氯离子干扰,代替毒性的硫酸汞,避免了汞盐对环境的污染     

水中化学需氧量的无汞盐快速测定

在C（H2SO4）=56％硫酸介质、重铬酸钾的氧化体系中，以钼酸铵、硫酸铝钾为助催化剂，可减少催化剂硫酸银的用量，消解15min即可测定水中化学需氧量,用硝酸银溶液代替硫酸汞去除水样中氯离子，避免了汞盐的污染．工业废水加标回收率在97％～101％之间，有较好的准确度．     

废气中氮氧化物浓度测定—肼还原—盐酸萘乙二胺比色法

将管道废气中氮氧化物用100ml注射器取样,在采集的样品气内注入内含硫酸铜催化剂的吸收液,经振摇,氮氧化物被吸收、氧化为硝酸根离子,然后用硫酸肼还原为亚硝酸根离子,以盐酸萘乙二胺比色法测定废气中氮氧化物的浓度。检出限2μg/25ml;测定范围20—6000mg/m~3。     

无汞盐测定化学需氧量方法研究进展

化学需氧量(COD)普遍采用标准方法。重铬酸钾法最早为Adeney等人提出,Muers引入了Ag_2SO_4为催化剂,以催化直链脂肪族化合物。大部分废水中含有Cl~-,有些废水中Cl~-浓度甚至很高,K_2Cr_2O_7会氧化Cl~-从而造成干扰。但当Ag_2SO_4被加入后,Cl~-会与Ag~+形成AgCl沉淀,从而使C1~-的氧化受到一定程度的抑制。可是Moore等人发现,尽管在Ag_2SO_4存在下,Cl~-仍部分被氧化,使COD测定结果偏高。Gleu曾在Ce~(4+)和As~(3+)的测定中,以Hg(ClO_4)_2抑制过C1~-的干扰。Medalia曾在铁—过氧化物方法中,用Hg(NO)_3)_2抑制过Cl~-的干扰。Dobbs在借鉴别人研究成果的基础上,将HgSO_4引入到COD测定体系中,络合Cl~-以消除其对COD测定的干扰。     

聚乙烯袋存一氧化碳时浓度随时间的衰减率

在大气环境监测中,对一氧化碳采样有几种方法。其中用聚乙烯袋取样既简单又省钱。但是,用聚乙烯袋取样时,如不及时测定其浓度,一氧化碳的浓度会随存放时间的增长而有衰减。 本文对在常温常压下,用聚乙烯袋保存一氧化碳时浓度随时间的衰减进行了实验,取得了一些实验数据。并用化学动力学方法计算出了衰减速度参数。     

臭氧污染形成机制及影响因素的研究进展

臭氧(O3)污染形成机制复杂,其治理研究已成为热点。文章分别对光化学反应过程中氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、颗粒物及气象条件与O3形成之间的关系进行了综述,以期为臭氧污染防治提供参考依据。     

乌鲁木齐市主要街道空气中一氧化碳污染规律的研究

本文通过对影响街道空气中一氧化碳污染的因素进行了大量的监测及综合分析,找出乌鲁木齐市主要街道空气中一氧化碳的污染规律,为控制我市汽车污染提供科学依据.     

电化学式一氧化碳传感器的探识

本文叙述了一氧化碳检测仪的国内外概况，并同时对电化学式的传感器制作条件进行重要探讨。     

Air quality at a snowmobile staging area and snow chemistry on and off trail in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest, Snowy Range, Wyoming

A study was begun in the winter of 2000–2001 and continued through the winter of 2001–2002 to examine air quality at the Green Rock snowmobile staging area at 2,985 m elevation in the Snowy Range of Wyoming. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of winter recreation snowmobile activity on air quality at this high elevation site by measuring levels of nitrogen oxides (NO _x , NO), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O₃) and particulate matter (PM₁₀ mass). Snowmobile numbers were higher weekends than weekdays, but numbers were difficult to quantify with an infrared sensor. Nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide were significantly higher weekends than weekdays. Ozone and particulate matter were not significantly different during the weekend compared to weekdays. Air quality data during the summer was also compared to the winter data. Carbon monoxide levels at the site were significantly higher during the winter than during the summer. Nitrogen oxides and particulates were significantly higher during the summer compared to winter. Nevertheless, air pollutants were well dispersed and diluted by strong winds common at the site, and it appears that snowmobile emissions did not have a significant impact on air quality at this high elevation ecosystem. Pollutant concentrations were generally low both winter and summer. In a separate study, water chemistry and snow density were measured from snow samples collected on and adjacent to a snowmobile trail. Snow on the trail was significantly denser and significantly more acidic with significantly higher concentrations of sodium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, and sulfate than in snow off the trail. Snowmobile activity had no effect on nitrate levels in snow.     

便携式催化氧化-FID法测定固定污染源废气中非甲烷总烃

对便携式催化氧化-FID法测定非甲烷总烃的检出限、精密度、准确度、催化效率等性能指标开展研究,考察该方法测定固定污染源废气中非甲烷总烃的适用性。结果表明：催化氧化装置的转化效率为98.1%～99.7%,方法检出限为0.05 mg/m3（以碳计）;2个质量浓度水平的甲烷和丙烷混合标准气体测定结果的相对误差分别为-6.4%～6.1%、-4.7%～-0.5%,实验室内、实验室间测定结果的RSD分别为2.9%～5.9%和1.6%～2.5%、1.5%和0.6%。用该方法和国标法同时测定实际样品,两种方法测定结果的相对误差为6.4%～21.4%。     

固定污染源废气中三氧化硫测试方法初探

建立了异丙醇吸收-分光光度法测试固定污染源中三氧化硫(SO_3)的方法,分别连续9次测试低、中、高3个质量浓度的SO_3烟气。测试结果表明,相对误差分别为7. 5%,-2. 6%和6. 7%,相对标准偏差分别为3. 3%,1. 7%和4. 1%,方法的准确度和精密度较好。方法检出限为0. 1 mg/m~3,测定下限为0. 4 mg/m~3。二氧化硫(SO_2)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、硫化氢(H_2S)、含湿量、烟尘等因素对方法的干扰较小,方法适用于现场测试。     

Monitoring and Assessment of Exhaust Emission in Bangkok Street Air

Measurement of the exhaust emission from gasoline-powered motor vehicles in Bangkok were performed on chassis dynamometer. A fleet of 10 vehicles of different model, years and manufacturers were selected to measure the air pollutants in the exhaust effluent. The study revealed that the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions averaged 32.3–64.2 and 1.82–2.98 g km^–1, respectively, for 1990–1992 cars and decreased to 17.8–40.71 and 0.75–1.88 g km^–1, respectively, for 1994–1995 cars. A monitoring program for air pollutant concentrations in ambient air was also conducted to evaluate the air pollution problems in Bangkok arising from vehicle exhaust emission. Four air sampling stations were strategically established to cover the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). Composite air samples in this study area were collected during the day/night times and weekday/weekend. The average concentrations of suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide in Bangkok street air were found to be 0.65 mg/m³ (24 hr ave.), 19.02 mg/m³ (8 hr ave.) and 0.021 mg/m³ (1 hr ave.), respectively. The average concentrations of benzene and toluene in the ambient air of the study area were found to be 15.07–50.20 and 25.76–130.95 g/mf³, respectively, for 8 hr average. These results indicated that there was a significant increase in air pollutant emissions with increasing car mileage and model year. Subsequent analysis of data showed that there were only 20% of the test vehicles complied to approved emission standard. The finding also revealed that there was a correlation between the average air pollutant concentrations with average traffic speed in each traffic zone of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR).     

线性扫描溶出伏安法同时测定水样中铅镉铜锌

通过多壁碳纳米管-Nafion复合膜修饰电极,建立水样中痕量铅、镉、铜、锌同时测定的线性扫描溶出伏安分析法,优化支持电解质及pH值、修饰剂用量、富集电位及时间等测定条件。实验结果表明,在pH 4.0的NaAc-HAc缓冲液中,-1.20V富集5min后,在电位-1.04V、-0.72V、-0.45V及-0.16V附近分别产生锌、镉、铅、铜的灵敏溶出峰,测定各元素的线性关系良好,相对标准偏差均小于5.4%。该法已成功应用于实际水样中痕量铅、镉、铜、锌的同时测定,加标回收率在93.3%~106.7%之间,结果满意。     

呼伦贝尔地区草原表层土壤中总有机碳与有机质初探

通过非分散红外线吸收法测定呼伦贝尔地区具有代表性的16个草原表层土壤(0~20 cm)中总有机碳、溶解性有机碳,使用重铬酸钾容量法测定有机质,并对其总有机碳与有机质水平及两者相关性进行了分析。初步分析了造成各样品之间总有机碳水平差异的原因。结果表明,只以打草场作为利用方式的土壤总有机碳含量较常年放牧场的总有机碳含量高。从草原类型和土壤类型上看,草甸草原总有机碳含量明显高于典型草原,黑钙土总有机碳含量明显高于栗钙土。综上,过度放牧会使草原土壤总有机碳大量释放。总有机碳含量与有机质含量有显著正相关性,相关系数达到0.902。     

Carbon monoxide concentrations in Santiago City at street levels and their vertical gradient

Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured at ground level (1 m) near heavy traffic streets in downtown Santiago de Chile in periods of low (November and December), intermediate (April) and high (May) ambient concentrations. Also, measurements were carried out at several heights (from 1 to 127 m) in Santiago’s main street during winter time. Measurements carried out at ground level show maximum values during the morning rush hour, with values considerably higher than those reported by the urban air quality network, particularly in summer time. However, the measured values are below air quality standards. Vertical CO profiles were measured in a tower located in the center of downtown. Below 40 m (average altitude of neighboring buildings), the profiles do not show a consistent vertical gradient, with CO concentrations increasing or decreasing with height, regardless of atmospheric stability. In this low altitude range, the observed vertical profiles are poorly predicted by a street canyon model, and the measured concentrations can not be described by a simple exponential decay. At higher altitudes (40 and 127 m) a negative gradient in CO concentrations is observed, both for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. The values of CO measured at 127 m are relatively well described by an Eulerian dispersion model running with current CO emission inventories for Santiago, although this model tends to predict stepper CO gradients than the observed ones.     

GC-C-IRMS测定污染场地土壤中苯系物单体碳同位素比值

选取苯系物中的代表性组分苯、甲苯和二甲苯等化合物,通过热脱附、气相色谱质谱条件的优化及方法学考察,建立了热脱附进样-气相色谱-同位素比值质谱(GC-C-IRMS)测定苯系物单体碳同位素比值的方法。结果表明,单体化合物进样量在0.3μg以上均能满足测定要求;与直接进样方式相比,热脱附进样对单体碳同位素比值测定无分馏影响;标准溶液和苯系物土壤样品测定结果的RSD分别为1.0%~1.7%和0.3%~2.6%。