宁连高速两侧土壤及小麦重金属污染特征研究

选择宁连高速沿线4个路段采集土壤和小麦样品，研究Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn等5种重金属在高速两侧土壤及小麦中的分布特征、累积规律和影响因素。结果表明：高速两侧距路肩0 m～350 m范围内，土壤和小麦中5种重金属质量比均受到高速交通影响；高速两侧农田内土壤和小麦综合质量影响指数IICQ均＜1，各路段农田土壤环境质量清洁；Pb同位素组成显示大气吸收是小麦中重金属累积的主要途径。交通污染是影响高速沿线土壤和农产品质量安全的主要因素。     

苔藓植物大灰藓对大气中重金属元素的生态监测

采用苔藓植物大灰藓作为监测物种,考察Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg等6种重金属元素在大气中的分布情况,分析研究区域内各样点大灰藓和土壤中的6种重金属含量。结果表明,大灰藓中重金属含量依次为ZnPbCrCuCdHg,土壤中重金属含量依次为ZnPbCrCuHgCd。通过Kriging插值运算,得到6种重金属元素含量等值分布图,直观地体现了6种重金属元素的空间分布,说明大气重金属空间分布与区域产业类型及发展状况紧密相关。     

张掖市农田土壤重金属污染分析及防治建议

选择张掖市部分区域农田土壤进行了Hg、Cd等8种重金属元素含量的分析,并采用内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其土壤重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,张掖市农田土壤中Hg、Cd等8种重金属元素的平均含量均低于国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准,但是Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr等4种重金属元素含量的平均值不同程度的超过了张掖市土壤背景值。综合两种评价方法的结果表明,张掖市农田土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险为轻度生态风险,但是Cd元素的生态风险系数达到中等生态风险,应该引起关注。     

基于PMF模型的矿区土壤重金属来源解析

通过在某矿区采集农田土壤和菠菜样品,分析其中重金属含量,基于相关性分析和PMF模型对该矿区农田土壤重金属来源进行解析。结果表明,研究区土壤中Cd、As、Zn、Cr和Cu 元素明显富集,分别是当地土壤背景值的5.7倍、4.4倍、2.4倍、1.5倍和1.3倍;相关性分析结果显示,研究区内Cu、Zn、As、Cd元素存在一定的相关性,可能具有同一污染源;PMF模型结果说明,研究区土壤中重金属主要来源分别为工业污染源、自然母质源、交通污染源和农业污染源,其对当地土壤重金属污染贡献率分别为39.8%、22.8%、21.6%和15.8%。     

水稻重金属含量与土壤质量的关系

根据“淮安市绿色食品基地调查以及相关研究”课题资料 ,分析了水稻中重金属含量与其土壤质量的关系。结果表明 ,重金属含量在水稻中的分布是 :根 >茎叶 >籽粒 ;水稻籽粒对重金属的吸收特点因其元素不同而差异较大 ,重金属元素被水稻糙米吸收的程度为 :砷 <镉 <汞 <铅 <锰 <铬 <铜 <锌 ;在糙米中检出的重金属铜和铬的含量与土壤中铜和铬的含量呈显著性相关关系 ,铅、锌、锰的含量与土壤中铅、锌、锰的含量相关关系不显著     

三峡库区柑橘对土壤重金属吸收富集特征研究

研究区域柑橘果实重金属含量符合NY/T 426-2000<绿色食品柑橘>标准,果实品质达到一级产品.土壤中重金属的含量越高,柑橘叶片、果皮、果肉的重金属含量也越高.柑橘叶片对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、镍、汞、砷、铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮与果肉,果皮对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、汞的吸收富集能力显著大于果肉,果肉对土壤重金属铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮.柑橘同一部位对土壤中不同重金属元素的吸收富集能力也存在很大的差异,柑橘叶片对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr＞As＞Ni,柑橘果皮对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞As,柑橘果肉对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn＞Cd＞Ni＞Pb＞As.     

长江南京段近岸沉积物和土壤中重金属分布特征分析

通过测定沉积物和土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni 6种重金属元素的平均含量,计算其富集因子,分析长江南京段近岸沉积物和土壤中重金属的空间分布特征,结果表明,几种重金属在沉积物中的富集次序为:CdPbCr1NiCuZn,在土壤中为:CdZnCu1CrPbNi,除Zn和Cu外,其他几种金属在沉积物中的富集程度高于土壤,同时Cd的含量超过土壤环境质量三级标准。以Cd和Pb为例分析了重金属含量与沉积物粒级之间的关系,回归分析显示,Cd、Pb的含量与颗粒物的粒级呈显著的相关性,与细颗粒物的含量有密切关系,细颗粒携带的重金属,在长江水力分选作用下到达下游,成为沉积物中重金属的主要来源。     

镇江市典型产业园区青菜中重金属特征分析

于2017年1月采集镇江市典型产业园区7个不同点位的青菜及青菜田土壤样品进行重金属含量分析,结果表明,园区青菜中Cr、Cu、Zn元素均值小于食品卫生标准限值,Ni、Cd和Pb元素的均值介于食品卫生标准限值的临界;青菜中Ni、Cd、Pb 3种重金属处于轻度污染状态,Cr、Cu和Zn 3种重金属为无污染状态;青菜田土壤中重金属含量仅Cr和Cd在个别点超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018)标准限值,其余各点位6种重金属元素均低于标准限值。     

赣东北德兴矿区周边女性居民头发中重金属分布特征

应用ICP-MS/AFS测定江西德兴矿区(铜矿和铅锌矿)周边地区祝家村和戴村女性居民头发中重金属含量。探讨了河水、土壤、饮用水、人发中的重金属分布,着重分析了人发中重金属含量与年龄间的关系,指出最易受环境污染危害的人群。研究表明,人发中重金属含量与人所处的地质环境密切相关,人发中重金属含量主要受控于地质环境中某个(些)主导因素。不同年龄段人群重金属元素的分布对矿山开发环境的响应不同。人发中一些有害元素(Pb、Cd)在儿童组(15岁以下)普遍表现为高含量。这说明矿山开发释放的污染元素对儿童的危害最大。不同地区不同元素与年龄间的关系不同。人发重金属含量与年龄关系较为复杂,不存在统一的结论,应具体情况具体分析。     

基于重金属有效态的农田土壤重金属污染评价研究

目前农田土壤重金属污染评价以重金属全量为依据,而评价农田土壤重金属污染影响时主要考虑农产品安全从而保障人体健康,农作物对重金属的吸收积累量则取决于土壤中有效态重金属含量。在阐述土壤重金属有效态定义的基础上,综合分析了土壤重金属有效态的影响因素及其与土壤中重金属全量和农作物中重金属含量的相关性,概括了土壤重金属有效态在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用,以期提出建立以土壤重金属有效态含量为基础、结合土壤重金属全量及作物中吸收的重金属含量的土壤重金属污染评价体系。     

Microbial activities and trace element contents in an urban soil

Soil biological properties are influenced by trace metals. The main sources of these pollutants in the urban areas are industrial plants, power stations, domestic heating systems and motor vehicles. The aim of this work was to evaluate, in relation to distance from urban roads, soil trace metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd and V) and their influence on C-microbial biomass as well as on soil respiration and enzyme activities (phosphatase glucosidase, galactosidase, xylanase, cellulase, trealase, protease and invertase). The samplings were carried out at four sites, along a route that goes from Giannone Street to Passionisti Street, two heavily travelled roads at two different times of the year (spring and autumn). Heavy metal contents and microbial activities were highest at the sites near the roads. The highest values of microbial activities were found in the inner site; here, on the contrary, the lowest concentrations of heavy metals were measured. Significant and negative correlations were found between microbial activity and heavy metal contents.     

Impact of overland traffic on heavy metal levels in highway dust and soils of Istanbul, Turkey

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of overland traffic on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils (Istanbul, Turkey). Road dust, surface, and subsurface soil samples were collected from a total of 41 locations along highways with dense traffic and secondary roads with lower traffic and analyzed for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations. Statistical evaluation of the heavy metal concentrations observed along highways and along the secondary roads showed that the data were bimodally distributed. The maximum observed Pb, Zn, and Cu concentrations were 1,573, 522 and 136 mg/kg, respectively, in surface soils along highways and 99.3, 156, and 38.1 mg/kg along secondary roads. Correlation analysis of the metal concentrations in road dust, surface and 20-cm depth soils suggests the presence of a common pollution source. However, metal concentrations in the deeper soils were substantially lower than those observed at the surface, indicating low mobility of heavy metals, especially for Pb and Zn. A modified kriging approach that honors the bimodality of the data was used to estimate the spatial distribution of the surface concentrations of metals, and to identify hotspots. Results indicate that despite the presence of some industrial zones within the study area, traffic is the main heavy metal pollution source.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

马鞍山市城区主干道近地面空气质量调查

为调查马鞍山市城区主干道近地面空气质量状况,马鞍山市环境监测中心站于1999年1月19日～1月21日对城区3条主干道的5个监测点近地面空气质量进行了监测.结果表明,在城市整体环境空气质量良好的情况下,交通干道近地面空气污染较严重,主要污染源是机动车尾气,NOx、CO、TSP是特征性污染物,其中NOx平均分布浓度与车流量近似成正相关,从时间分布上看,NOx平均分布浓度早上最高,晚上次之,中午最低.指出,为改善城市的环境空气质量,必须加强对机动车尾气的监督管理.     

马鞍山市大气环境中苯并(a)芘分布与变化规律研究

研究了马鞍山市大气环境中苯并（a）芘的分布与变化规律，监测了马鞍山市各功能区，新老市区的居民区及交通要道大气环境中苯并（a）芘的含量，该市功能区内的工业区大气中苯并（a）芘污染严重，最高质量浓度达50．31ng/m^3，居民区内老市大气中的苯并（a）芘污染明显高于新市区，究其原因，老市区是马鞍山，市工业发源地，属居民，商业及工业混合区，研究中发现，大气中苯并（a）芘含量高低有季节性的昼夜变化现象，时空分布和迁移变化规律明显，并且大气中总悬浮颗粒物与苯并（a)芘的相关性显著。     

Monitoring of heavy metal levels in roadside dusts of Thessaloniki, Greece in relation to motor vehicle traffic density and flow

In recent years, the level of heavy metal pollution in urban areas has been of considerable concern. The principal source has been attributed to the motor vehicle and increasing inner city congestion, which has lead to a change and enlargement of transport stop-start zones. These areas of high traffic density are associated with an increased release of heavy metals into the adjacent residential or commercial areas. Seventy-five roadside dust samples were collected throughout the inner city and by-pass motorway areas of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Samples were taken from arterial, major and minor roads, as well as the ring road, to compare and contrast the levels of heavy metals, namely Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn and Pb. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) was developed to quantitatively determine concentrations of both total element and geochemical fractionation, within the two dust particulate fraction sizes <75 microm and 75-125 microm. Acid digestion using Aqua Regia (3:1 conc. HCl:HNO(3)) was employed for the total elemental analysis, a method that was validated through the use of certified reference materials (CRM). Fractionation studies involved a three-step sequential extraction method performed on five selected samples (representatives of high, mid and low total elemental concentrations). The resultant solutions were analysed for lead and zinc levels to ascertain fractionation throughout the different geochemical fractions, thus assessing bioavailability.It was found that congestion/stop-start traffic patterns did influence and have led to increased levels of heavy metal deposition along inner city roads compared to levels observed on the new relief ring road. Dust particulate fraction sizes were only found to show statistically significant differences in cadmium and manganese, at the probability P < 0.001 or 99.9% confidence limit. Both Cd and Mn showed higher total levels in the smaller fraction sizes (<75 microm), implying that their major release source is exhaust emissions. There were no significant differences in the other elements, at the P > 0.05 or 95% confidence limit. Road type was seen to have little affect on cadmium and manganese, though lead, copper and zinc were all found to show higher levels on the inner city routes. This can be related back to the wear-and-tear of vehicle components as a result of the stop-start traffic patterns (brake pads etc). Both Pb and Zn have shown to be in chemical forms that are bio available to ecosystems.     

Heavy metal pattern and solute concentration in soils along the oldest highway of the world – the AVUS Autobahn

Highways and main roads are a potential source of contamination for the surrounding environment. High traffic rates result in elevated heavy metal concentrations in road runoff, soil and water seepage, which has attracted much attention in the recent past. Nonetheless, investigations of pollutants in roadside soils are still a subject of major interest due to the rapid development of traffic systems and increasing traffic all over the world. The accumulation of the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in soils along the oldest federal highway of the world has been studied by sampling a roadside transect of 125 by 10?m. In addition, heavy metal concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr in soil solutions from different distances (2.5, 5 and 10?m) from the hard shoulder of the highway and from three soil depths (10, 30, and 50?cm) were investigated. The results show that heavy metal concentrations are up to 20 times increased compared to the geochemical background levels and a reference site of 800-m distance from the roadside. Soil matrix concentrations in the topsoil (0-10?cm) mostly exceeded the precautionary values of the German Federal Soil Protection and Contamination Ordinance (BBodSchV). The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in the soil matrix tended to decrease with distance from the roadside edge, whereas the concentrations in the soil solution increased at a distance of 10?m onwards due to a lower soil pH. Because of both high pH values and a high sorption capacity of the soils, soil solution concentrations seldom exceeded the trigger values of the German Federal Soil Protection and Contamination Ordinance (BBodSchV) for transferring soil solution to groundwater.     

A comparative study of noise pollution levels in some selected areas in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

The noise pollution is a major problem for the quality of life in urban areas. This study was conducted to compare the noise pollution levels at busy roads/road junctions, passengers loading parks, commercial, industrial and residential areas in Ilorin metropolis. A total number of 47-locations were selected within the metropolis. Statistical analysis shows significant difference (P < 0.05) in noise pollution levels between industrial areas and low density residential areas, industrial areas and high density areas, industrial areas and passengers loading parks, industrial areas and commercial areas, busy roads/road junctions and low density areas, passengers loading parks and commercial areas and commercial areas and low density areas. There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) in noise pollution levels between industrial areas and busy roads/road junctions, busy roads/road junctions and high density areas, busy roads/road junctions and passengers loading parks, busy roads/road junctions and commercial areas, passengers loading parks and high density areas, passengers loading parks and commercial areas and commercial areas and high density areas. The results show that Industrial areas have the highest noise pollution levels (110.2 dB(A)) followed by busy roads/Road junctions (91.5 dB(A)), Passengers loading parks (87.8 dB(A)) and Commercial areas (84.4 dB(A)). The noise pollution levels in Ilorin metropolis exceeded the recommended level by WHO at 34 of 47 measuring points. It can be concluded that the city is environmentally noise polluted and road traffic and industrial machineries are the major sources of it. Noting the noise emission standards, technical control measures, planning and promoting the citizens awareness about the high noise risk may help to relieve the noise problem in the metropolis.     

Transversal immission patterns and leachability of heavy metals in road side soils

Today there is consensus concerning the road traffic's role as a metal source. However, there are so far only a few studies which focus on the road side immission patterns regarding distance from roads, and especially in combination with the leachability of heavy metals down the soil profile. In this study, the aim was to analyse concentrations of traffic related metals in road side soils, at different depths and distances from roads, both to analyse the immission patterns as well as to explain the importance of the road construction design of the road side terrain. The BCR sequential extraction procedure was performed to be able to address the environmental risk in terms of metal mobility. Approximately 80 soil samples were analysed for seven metals; antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). The results showed that, depending on metal, the total metal concentrations in road side soils have increased 3-16 times compared to regional background during the last decades. Each metal had a limited dispersal distance from the roads as well as down in the soil profile and the road construction significantly affected the metal immission distance. Elevated metal concentrations were mostly found for top soils and down to 10 cm in the soil profiles. The labile fractions counted for more than 40% of the total concentrations for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, indicating a potential mobilization of the metals if the road side soils become disturbed. The present soil metal concentration levels are not alarming, but metals with a high accumulation rate might gradually be an upcoming problem if nothing is done to their emission sources.     

Magnetic properties of the road dusts from two parks in Wuhan city, China: implications for mapping urban environment

Magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations of road dusts collected from two parks with distance about 16 km in Wuhan city, China, were measured. The Guishan Park is circled by main roads with heavy traffic, and the Moshan Park is located on the downwind hills of steelworks and a power plant. Mean values of magnetic susceptibility (??) and saturation magnetization (M _s) of the dusts from the Moshan Park are 1.31 and 1.57 times those from the Guishan Park, respectively. Their magnetic mineralogy is dominated by pseudo-single domain magnetite; however, minor hematite was also identified in those from the Guishan Park. The dominant sources of non-natural magnetic particles and heavy metals were inferred as windblown emissions from the steelworks and the power plant for the Moshan Park, and road/railway traffics for the Guishan Park, respectively. Spatial variation in magnetic properties of road dust in the two parks and their different magnetic behavior propose that the magnetic measurements are sensitive to the different pollutant origins, as well as the urban environment, and that magnetic techniques have a high efficiency in mapping urban environment. Correlation between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations is strongly site-specific: strong correlations were observed in the Moshan Park with correlation coefficients generally higher than 0.800, whereas correlations are poor in the Guishan Park. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that these relationships should be examined thoroughly before magnetic mapping.