城镇污水处理厂TOC与COD相关性分析及应用

通过在线TOC水质自动分析仪方法与实验室COD方法比对，建立TOC-COD一元线性回归方程，且将其应用到上海市44家污水处理厂出水中TOC与COD值的转换，并在污水处理厂进行在线TOC水质自动分析仪及在线COD水质自动分析仪监测值比对实验。结果表明,TOC-COD一元线性回归方程相关系数r为 0.963，废水中TOC与COD值线性显著相关，通过上述回归方程将在线TOC水质自动分析仪监测值转化COD监测值与在线COD水质自动仪监测值进行相对误差比较，88.4％的数据满足《水污染源在线监测系统安装技术规范（试行）》（HJ/T 355－2007）规范要求；用上述转换方程换算上海市44家污水处理厂TOC值得到的COD值与实验室COD值进行误差计算， 87.3%的数据满足上述规范要求，验证了在线TOC值转换COD值在污水行业的适用性。     

基于偏最小二乘的絮体图像信息与水质的相关性

针对污水处理运行过程COD、BOD5、TN和TP实时测量的问题,提出一种基于絮体形态参数的偏最小二乘法模型.采用图像分析技术对污泥絮体形态特征进行提取,基于相关性从提取的形态参数和试验期间的运行参数中选择模型的输入变量,通过偏最小二乘法建立输入变量与4个水质指标的预测关系模型.结果表明,COD、BOD5、TN、TP的交叉有效性系数分别为0.736、0.682、0.839、0.618,絮体形态参数与水质指标有明显的相关性,可用于预测出水水质.     

快速推算废水中的BOD5

生化需氧量（BOD5）是评定污、废水中有机物污染程度的一个重要指标,但经典的稀释接种法测定BOD5步骤烦琐、耗时。随着经济发展,城市污水增加,水质监测工作日益增多,有必要找出测定BOD5更简便的方法。实验表明,总有机碳（TOC）与BOD5之间存在一定的相关性,两者的原理虽不尽相同,但对于同一类污水,     

DE型双沟式氧化沟运行分析

本文对某水质净化厂2006-2007年进、出水的COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N和TP以及污泥的MLSS、MLVSS和SV进行分析，结果表明采用该工艺处理后的城市生活污水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）二级标准，中水达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质标准》（GB／T18920-2002）的要求。     

淀山湖水质状况及富营养化评价

对2001年—2007年淀山湖水质监测结果进行了分析和评价。结果表明,淀山湖的水质均未达到Ⅱ类水质标准,主要超标项目为氨氮、TP、TN、石油类、IMn、COD和BOD5。综合营养状态指数为60.79～63.57,均处于中度富营养状态,chla与石油类和透明度具有很好的相关性,与TP具有较好的负相关性,与BOD5具有一定的负相关性,与水温、DO、IMn、COD、氨氮、TN的相关性不显著。chla季节变化较为明显。     

畜禽养殖废水的三维荧光特征

对某畜禽养殖废水连续采样,利用荧光光谱法研究畜禽养殖废水的三维荧光特性.结果表明:该废水的三维荧光光谱有两个荧光峰,分别为270 nm/297 nm和315 nm/410 nm,两峰的强度之比为3.45～4.94;该畜禽养殖废水由蛋白质、腐酸、尿液及阴离子表面活性剂组成;各峰的峰位置及峰强度比值都可作为判断废水是否为该...     

松花江哈尔滨段主干流常规污染物动态衰减速度系数的测算研究

采用2011—2013年松花江哈尔滨段各断面水质监测数据和老头湾水文数据,运用实测资料反推法和河流一维水质模型对该段干流的COD、BOD5、NH3-N的衰减速度系数K进行测算,结果表明:1—12月朱顺屯—大顶子山的KCOD、KBOD5、KNH3-N分别在0.035 d-1~3.372 d-1、0.368 d-1~5.459 d-1和0.245 d-1~5.600 d-1之间;冰封期各污染物K值小于明水期,夏季(6—8月)K值大于其他季节。以2013年阿什河口下—呼兰河口下河段上、下游各断面的监测数据对测算的各污染物动态K值进行率定,实际监测值与预测浓度年内变化趋势基本一致,相对误差在25%以内,水质验证结果较满意。     

生化需氧量BOD_5测定影响因素

BOD5是对企业污水排放是否达标的一个很重要的水质指标,测定方法很多。我们结合实际工作讨论BOD5的测定方法及测定过程中的影响因素:稀释水、接种、水样的稀释倍数、溶液酸碱度、温度、溶解氧、毒害物质、硝化作用等。     

水体中TOC与COD相关性研究

针对不同地区的地表水、生活污水和工业废水的TOC和COD进行了测试,对测定值进行线性回归分析。结果表明,不同类型的水体其TOC与COD均具有一定的相关性,尤其是生活污水和工业废水,TOC与COD相关性比较显著,在一定条件下可由测定的TOC值推算出COD值。     

地表水中BOD 5监测时的快速估算

阐述了BOD5与溶解氧之间的相关性,提出可以通过溶解氧和水温估算BOD5值,但是,首先要建立水样稀释前溶解氧与BOD5的相关关系.举例说明了对地表水中BOD5值的估算和稀释倍数确定的应用.     

Quality of wastewater reuse in agricultural irrigation and its impact on public health

This study is planned to perform a sanitary survey of the largest sewage treatment plant in Riyadh, KSA, fortnightly for 6 months to examine its effluent quality as an example for the growing dependence on reuse of treated municipal wastewater in agricultural irrigation purposes to cope with increasing water shortage. The biological and physico-chemical parameters of 12 wastewater samples from the plant were examined using standard methods. The physico-chemical analysis indicated that the surveyed municipal wastewater treatment plant contained some of the studied parameters, such as turbidity, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and residual chlorine above the maximum permissible wastewater limits set by the Saudi Standards. However, heavy metal concentrations in all samples were lower than the recommended standards. Total and faecal coliform counts were above the permissible limits indicating poor sanitation level. Fifty percent of all wastewater samples were contaminated with faecal coliforms but, surprisingly, Escherichia coli were only detected in 8.3 % of the samples. Regular monitoring and enhancement of microbial and physico-chemical parameters of the wastewater quality served by different wastewater treatment plants for reuse in agricultural irrigation is recommended to preserve the environment and public health.     

毒性废水稀释中强度改变与浓度改变的跟随性研究

适用于已知毒物和毒性应用剂量测定的经典技术方法，以样品稀释过程中毒性强度改变与浓度改变的等比率跟随性为基础。废水中的毒性物质常以未知和混合为特征，高毒性的样品现状浓度距离方法预试验中最小全致死浓度较远，以已知毒物重铬酸钾毒性为对照，形成5种毒物高层级等强度毒性，通过这些高毒性废水同步等比率稀释后毒性改变的同步性测定试验，证明毒性废水稀释中强度改变与浓度改变的跟随状态具有不确定性。     

Study of the effect of pH, salinity and DOC on fluorescence of synthetic mixtures of freshwater and marine salts

In order to provide support for the discussion of the fate of organic matter in estuaries, a laboratory simulation was performed by changing freshwater ionic strength, pH and organic matter content. The change in spectroscopic characteristics caused by variations in salinity, pH and organic matter concentration in the filtered samples was observed by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The increase in emission fluorescence intensity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) due to increasing salinity (in the range 0 to 5 g l-1) is affected by the pH of the samples. The emission fluorescence intensity at the three maxima observed in the fluorescence spectra, is linearly correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at several salinity values in the same sample. The increase in organic matter concentration caused a shift in the emission peak wavelength at 410 nm for several salinity values. We concluded that it is necessary to take into account the influence of salinity and pH on emission fluorescence of dissolved organic matter if it is to be used as a tracer in estuarine or near shore areas.     

Bioaerosol characterization by flow cytometry with fluorochrome

Traditional culture and microscopy methods for evaluation of bioaerosols are slow, tedious, and rather imprecise. In this study, the application of flow cytometry that was combined with a fluorescent technique (FCM/FL) was evaluated as a technique to quickly and accurately determine and quantify the total concentration and viability of bioaerosols. The optimal conditions of five fluorescent dyes [acridine orange (AO), SYTO-13, propidium iodide (PI), YOPRO-1, and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolytetrazolium chloride (CTC)] used in FCM/FL were determined for laboratory samples of bacterial aerosols (Escherichia coli, and endospores of Bacillus subtilis) and fungal aerosols (Candida famata and Penicillium citrinum spores). Based on the measured cell concentration, fluorescence intensity, and staining efficiency as indicators for dye performance evaluation, SYTO-13 was found to be the most suitable fluorescent dye for determining the total concentration of the bioaerosols, as well as YOPRO-1 was the most suitable for determining viability. Moreover, the established optimal FCM/FL with dyes was validated for characterizing microorganism profiles from both air and water samples from the aeration tank of hospital wastewater treatment plant. In conclusion, the FCM/FL successfully assessed the total concentration and viability for bacterial and fungal microorganisms in environmental field samples.     

XRF法检测土壤重金属的影响因素

对X射线荧光(XRF)法检测土壤重金属的影响因素进行探讨,研究证实土壤样品厚度、粒径和含水率均会对荧光强度产生影响,且影响程度与X射线的能量有关,对低能量X射线的影响显著大于对高能量X射线的影响。为保障分析的质量,在应用XRF法进行土壤重金属检测时,土壤样品应完全干燥,混合均匀,保持土壤粒径均匀一致,土壤样品厚度统一为10 mm。     

Performance evaluation of phycocyanin probes for the monitoring of cyanobacteria

The performance of two field probes (YSI 6600 and TriOS), used for the measurement of in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence, was compared and validated in the laboratory in 2008 and 2009 with cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa and field samples. The background noise of the two probes was low and the detection limits were estimated at 1500 cells mL(-1) for the YSI and 0.69 μg PC L(-1) for the TriOS. The linearity and repeatability of both probes have been excellent. Strong relationships were observed between the in vivo fluorescence and the total cyanobacterial biovolume (R(2) = 0.82 YSI; 0.83 TriOS) or the abundance (R(2) = 0.71 YSI; 0.75 TriOS) of cyanobacteria. However, the difference between cell densities determined by microscopy and measured by the YSI can be very large and has been associated to the variability of cell volume among cyanobacteria. This last observation makes the YSI a qualitative tool if a post-calibration is not done. The analysis of filtrated samples showed that dissolved phycocyanin (extracellular) may represent a significant fluorescence signal. No relationship could be established between the abundance, the total cyanobacterial biovolume or the in vivo fluorescence of phycocyanin and the concentrations of cyanotoxins (R(2) ≤ 0.22).     

Effect of development on water quality for seven streams in North Carolina

In this study, baseflow and storm discharges were monitored in seven watersheds of varying development density to document the effects of development on stream water quality. In addition, two of the watersheds contained package wastewater treatment facilities, which were evaluated as an alternative to residential on-site septic systems. Monthly grab samples of baseflow and flow-proportional samples of storm event discharge were collected and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment, and bacteria. For the five watersheds without wastewater treatment facilities, a significant linear relationship was documented between fecal coliform and enterococci levels in baseflow samples and the percentage of residential or impervious area. For the two watersheds with wastewater discharge, bacteria levels were significantly greater than those from the two relatively undeveloped watersheds. These results indicate that bacteria levels increased with increasing residential development even if many of the septic systems were replaced by a community wastewater treatment system. Computed annual export rates for ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) were correlated to the percentage of impervious surfaces in the watersheds, while the rates for other nitrogen forms, total phosphorus, and total suspended sediment were not. Annual export rates from the two mostly undeveloped watersheds were greater than a compilation of rates for undeveloped areas across the USA. Export from the four watersheds with more than 68 % residential land use was less than those reported from local and national studies of residential areas.     

Whole-cell bacterial biosensors for rapid and effective monitoring of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants in wastewater

The increasing number of potentially harmful pollutants in the wastewater effluent discharge necessitates the need for the development of fast and cost effective analytical techniques for extensive monitoring programmes to assess the effectiveness of the treatment process. This study compared the use of bacterial biosensors to the conventional Daphnia magna assay, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) tests as well as chemical analysis, for monitoring the toxicity of wastewater. The bacterial biosensors constructed in this study, using S. sonnei and E. coli, were found to be sensitive to the toxicity of the wastewater effluents. A linear increase in bioluminescence with increasing concentration of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants in water was observed, with a correlation coefficient (r(2)) as high as 0.995 and 0.997, respectively. No notable correlation between biosensor toxicity and BOD and COD test results was observed. These bacterial biosensors could provide appropriate alternatives for a rapid, sensitive and cost effective detection of wastewater quality. However, the differences in sensitivity obtained for the different systems suggest that the use of a battery of toxicity assays may be required to provide a real ecotoxicological assessment of wastewater samples.     

Characterization of domestic wastewater treatment in Oman from three different regions and current implications of treated effluents

Treated effluents become one of the most significant sources for irrigation and other activities in arid and semi arid countries such as Oman. This study focuses on characterizing the quality of domestic wastewater in chosen three regions: Muscat, Sohar, and Salalah. The knowledge on treatment processes, quality, and proper management of domestic wastewater reuse for various purposes is essential. Wastewater samples were collected from six different sewage treatment plants (STPs) over a period of 1 year in 2009 on a monthly basis. The raw sewage (RS) and treated effluent (TEs) samples were collected from different sampling points in each STP. Both types of samples were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological assessment. All tests were conducted according to the standard method for the examination of water and wastewater. The results revealed that the TEs electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, heavy metals, sodium, potassium, and total dissolved solids values were found within Omani Standards (OS). The RS in all STPs was categorized as high strength concentration and samples exceeded the acceptable range for ammonia in most of the selected plants except Sohar and Salalah. Nitrate values in RS were also observed in higher concentrations. In general, the produced TEs have met most of regulatory limits stated by OS except for nitrate, Escherichia coli and total suspended solids (TSS). Furthermore, it should be noted that the performance of Salalah and Darsayt STPs can be classified as the best compared to the other four STPs studied in Oman.