Cd2+胁迫下不同浓度N、P对江蓠体内谷胱甘肽的影响

以大型海藻细基江篱繁枝变型(Gracilaria tunuistipitata Var)为实验材料,研究了Cd2+胁迫下,不同N、P条件对江蓠体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)及其衍生物含量的影响.结果表明,Cd2+胁迫条件下,不加入N、P时,藻体内的GSH及其各类衍生物含量均较低,易受金属离子侵入毒害藻体;加入适量的N、P(56...     

重金属镉胁迫下氮磷对江蓠体内主要抗氧化酶活性的影响

以大型海藻细基江篱繁枝变种(Gracilaria tunuistipitata Var Liui)为实验材料,研究重金属Cd2+胁迫下,无机氮磷作用对藻体各类抗氧化酶类活性的影响,为进一步探索重金属和营养盐复合污染下江蓠对水体的修复能力奠定一定的理论基础.实验结果显示:适当浓度N、P(560 μmol/L、56 μmol/L)的添加能提高藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性,降低Cd2+对藻体的毒害作用.不加入N、P或加入过量的N、P(2 160 μmol/L、216 μmol/L)均会抑制藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性.从总体上看,同时加入N、P要比加入单一的营养盐更有利于提高藻体内各主要抗氧化酶的活性,增强藻体的抗氧化能力.     

新显色剂的合成及其在环境监测中的应用研究

合成了新试剂三氮烯NPCPDT,即1-(4-硝基苯基)-3-(5-氯吡啶)。研究了NPCPDT与汞(Ⅱ)的显色反应。结果表明,在pH为11.5的Na2B4O7-NaOH介质中,在TX-100存在下,Hg(Ⅱ)与NPCPDT形成稳定的1∶2型配合物,在440nm处有一最大正吸收,在530nm处有一最大负吸收,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.45×105L/mol.cm,Hg(Ⅱ)的量在0~12μg/25ml内符合比尔定律。本法灵敏度高,选择性好,用于测定废水和环境水样中的微量汞,获得了满意结果。     

梭梭、白梭梭萌发过程的初探

针对准噶尔盆地南部沙漠边缘沙丘活化这一现象,结合目前新疆梭梭、白梭梭研究现状,结合历年的气象资料,模拟自然条件,对梭梭、白梭梭自然恢复的初始过程——种子萌发的温度和水分条件进行研究。结果表明,新疆梭梭、白梭梭种子在2℃时就可以萌发,而且发芽率达80%以上,当积雪厚度达到22 cm时,梭梭、白梭梭种子发芽率达到80%以上,变温提高发芽速率,当积雪厚度达到22 cm就可满足梭梭、白梭梭种子萌发的水分条件。此结果可为沙漠地区植被自然恢复提供理论依据。     

基于复合LSTM模型的PM2.5浓度预测

在对淄博市19个空气质量监测站点监测数据进行分析后，提出了一种基于机器学习的复合模型——灰色关联度分析(GRA)-改进的完备总体经验模态分解(ICEEMD)-长短期记忆网络(LSTM)模型。通过分析淄博市2019年大气污染物和气象数据，选用LSTM模型预测PM_2.5浓度。由于传统单一模块机器学习模型具有训练时间较长和预测精度较低的问题，提出了复合LSTM模型。该模型由3部分组成：GRA,用于PM_2.5浓度影响因素变量筛选；ICEEMD,用于PM_2.5分解、分量筛选和原始大气污染物及气象数据处理；LSTM,用于PM_2.5浓度预测。预测结果表明：淄博市中部丘陵地带PM_2.5浓度高于南部山区和北部平原，东部高于西部；淄博市逐月PM_2.5浓度呈“U”形分布，1月最高，8月最低；淄博市PM_2.5浓度受PM₁₀和CO影响较大，受湿度和温度影响较小。对比单一LSTM模型和GRA-LSTM模型，GRA-ICEEMD-LSTM模型...     

2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4,5-二甲基苯酚光度法测定水中的铜

研究了2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4,5-二甲基苯酚(QADMP)与铜(Ⅱ)的显色反应,在pH为4 0的HAc-NaAc缓冲介质中,CTMAB存在下,QADMP与铜(Ⅱ)生成分子比为2∶1的稳定红色配合物,该配合物λmax=561nm,摩尔吸光系数ε为4 56×104L·mol-1·cm-1,铜(Ⅱ)含量在0～0 4mg/L内符合比耳定律,该方法用于水样中微量铜的测定,结果满意。     

佛山市臭氧浓度时间变化特征及主要影响因子

对佛山市2011—2014年O_3监测数据进行分析,结果表明,ρ(O_3)日变化呈现明显的单峰特征,2011—2014年O_3日最大8小时滑动均值(O3-8 h)的年评价值没有出现显著的下降趋势,超标值多出现在8—10月。夏季O3-8 h与日平均气温的相关系数较高,O_3污染多发生在气温30℃,相对湿度为50%~70%的气象条件下。相对湿度60%,气温为20~25℃,也可能出现O3污染。10℃时,不同的温度条件下,O_3与PM_(2.5)存在正相关关系。在不同的季节时段,O_3-8 h基本随着ρ(NO_2)/ρ(NO)增大而增大。     

聚乙烯在氮气中的裂变行为研究

对氮气中聚乙烯在不同温度、不同载气流量以及铁、镍、铜三种金属影响下的裂变行为研究结果表明,温度、氮气流量以及三种金属对聚乙烯的裂变有重要影响.在300、500、700℃三个温度条件下,链烃(包括饱和链烃和不饱和链烃)是裂变产物的主体,未发现有多环芳烃形成.在900℃时形成少量低环的多环芳烃.在1100℃和1200℃条件下,不同环数的多环芳烃(单环至五环)及同分异构体是裂变产物的主体,链烃(包括饱和链烃和不饱和链烃)的生成量与前期温度相比有较大幅度的减少.在金属铁、镍、铜分别存在的条件下,聚乙烯的裂变及多环芳烃的形成受到了不同程度的影响.氮气流量的增加有利于降低多环芳烃的形成.     

气相色谱法测定环境空气中三甲胺

采用4%聚乙二醇(PEG)-20M+1%KOHGXD-401为固定相,2m×3mm玻璃填充柱分离三甲胺,FID检测。该方法有较高灵敏度和良好的线性关系。结果表明:在柱温140℃,进样口温度180℃,检测器温度180℃,氮流量30mL/min时,平均回收率为100 3%,相对标准差为3%。     

不同粒径沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药分布特征

采用湿分法将采自珠江广州河段沉积物样品分成5个粒径的组分(>500μm、500μm>>220μm、220μm>>63μm、63μm>>22μm和<22μm),样品分成2份。第一份测定其中的多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)进行定量分析,第二份样品的每个粒级进行重液分离,收集轻组分(有机质)和重组分(主要为无机矿物及无定型有机质)。在显微镜下对沉积物中不同粒径轻重组分的吸附剂进行鉴定,分析有机质类型和质量百分比,并测定各组分总有机碳(TOC)和碳黑的含量。结果表明,有机质类型是影响多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)在不同粒径组分中的分布特征和富集能力的主要因素。     

Biodiversity and Saving the Earth

The challenges for reversing course in our stewardship of the earth's ecosystems has never been greater. Biodiversity is in decline on an unprecedented scale and it is tempting to use this as an indicator of the health of the earth's ecosystems. In fact it is one of a number of indicators that collectively provides information on trends in the condition of ecosystems. But the larger problem is the lack of integration between the social and natural sciences. Mainstream scientists continue to reject the notion that solving environmental problems requires an integration of values and processes. A conceptual model shows how these facets may be brought together. A holistic vision requires the integration of natural, social and health sciences. From this perspective the linkage between biodiversity, ecosystem resilience and management options is more clearly articulated.     

downscaling procedures as a tool for integration of multiple air issues

In assessing the risks associated with climate change,downscaling has proven useful in linking surfacechanges, at scales relevant to decision making, tolarge-scale atmospheric circulation derived from GCMoutput. Stochastic downscaling is related to synopticclimatology, weather-typing approaches (classifyingcirculation patterns) such as the Lamb Weather Typesdeveloped for the United Kingdom (UK), the EuropeanGrosswetterlagen (Bardossy and Plate, 1992) and thePerfect Prognosis (Perfect Prog) method from numericalweather prediction. The large-scale atmosphericcirculation is linked with site-specific observationsof atmospheric variables, such as precipitation, windspeed or temperature, within a specified region. Classifying each day by circulation patterns isachieved by clustering algorithms, fuzzy rule bases,neural nets or decision trees. The linkages areextended to GCM output to account for climate change. Stochastic models are developed from the probabilitydistributions for extreme events. Objective analysiscan be used to interpolate values of these models toother locations. The concepts and some applicationsare reviewed to provide a basis for extending thedownscaling approach to assessing the integrated riskof the six air issues: climate change, UV-B radiation,acid rain, transport of hazardous air pollutants, smogand suspended particulates.     

Potential Use of the Plant Antioxidant Network For Environmental Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils

In recent years, awareness has risen that the total soil content of pollutants by itself does not suffice to fully assess the potential ecotoxicological risks involved. Chemical analysis will require to be complemented with biological assays in a multidisciplinary approach towards site specific ecological risk assessment (SS-ERA). This paper evaluates the potential use of the plants' antioxidant response to metal-induced oxidative stress to provide a sensitive biological assay in SS-ERA. To this end, plants of Phaseolus vulgaris were grown for two weeks on 15 soils varying in contamination level. Morphological parameters and enzymatic plant responses were measured upon harvest. Foliar concentrations of the (heavy) metals Al, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn were also determined. Metal mobility in the soil was further assessed by determining soil solution and NH₄OAc extractable levels. In general more significant correlations were observed between plant responses and foliar metal concentrations or exchangeable/soluble levels than between plant responses and the total soil content. The study demonstrates the potential use of the plants' antioxidant defence mechanisms to assess substrate phytotoxicity for application in SS-ERA protocols. However, the system, based on calculation of a soil Phytotoxicity Index (PI), will require adaptation and fine-tuning to meet the specific needs for this type of environmental monitoring. Large variation was observed in phytotoxicity classification based on the various test parameters. The thresholds for classification of the various morphological and enzymatic response parameters may require adaptation according to parameter stress sensitivity in order to decrease the observed variation. The use of partial PI's (leaves and roots separately) may in addition increase the sensitivity of the system since some metals show specific effects in one of both organs only. Loss of biological functionality of enzymes, as was observed for ICDH in one of the more strongly contaminated soils, may also be recognized as an additional stress symptom when assigning phytotoxicity classification, whereas the current system only considers increasing enzymatic capacities. Other easily distinguishable parameters, which could be added to the current indexation are: failure to germinate and the incapacity to develop roots in the toxic substrate.Additional research will be required to determine the possible application range of soil properties for this biological assay and to further improve its performance in SS-ERA.     

Recycling and utilization of metabolic wastes for energy production is an index of biochemical adaptation of fish under environmental pollution stress

The activity levels of lactate dehydrogenase andlactic acid were assessed in various tissues of the fishduring exposure to lethal concentration of group-IIPyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate andfluvalinate) for a period of 72 hours. The results showedsteady increased levels in all the tissues (blood,muscle, brain and liver) with response patterncharacteristic of their own. The increased LDH activityand lactic acid levels indicate the shifting of aerobicglycolysis to anaerobiosis and its further utilizationfor energy production during adaptation to toxic stress.     

Benthic Macroinvertebrate Responses to Increasing Levels of Cattle Grazing in Blue Ridge Mountain Streams, Virginia, USA

The relationship between benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and cattle density was assessed from fall 2002 through spring 2004 in five small streams that represented a gradient of cattle grazing intensity. All study stream reaches were in pasture with no woody riparian vegetation, but varied in the intensity of cattle grazing (0 cattle ha⁻¹ at site 1 to 2.85 cattle ha⁻¹ at site 5). Regression analysis indicated highly significant and strong macroinvertebrate metric responses to cattle density during most sampling periods. The majority of metrics responded negatively to increased grazing, while a few (total taxa richness, number of sensitive taxa, and % collector filterers) increased along the gradient before declining at the most heavily grazed sites. Total number of sensitive taxa and % Coleoptera had the strongest relationship with cattle density throughout the study period. During some sampling periods, nearly 80% of the variation in these metrics was explained by cattle density. The elmid beetle, Oulimnius, had a particularly strong negative response to the grazing gradient. Study site groupings based on taxa composition, using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), indicated that benthic samples collected from the reference site and light rotational grazing site were more similar in macroinvertebrate taxa composition than samples collected from the intermediate grazing and heavy grazing sites. Our findings demonstrate that biological integrity, as measured by benthic macroinvertebrate metrics and assemblage composition, is highly related to cattle density in small streams in the Blue Ridge mountains, Virginia, USA. This suggests that the degree of agricultural intensity should be given consideration in stream assessments, as well as land use planning and regulatory decisions.     

Ozone effects on three Sambucus species

The onset and development of symptoms of three Sambucus species, S. ebulus, S. nigra and S. racemosa were studied in 2002 under three different experimental conditions, in charcoal filtered air (CF), and in two ozone enriched treatment: non filtered air plus 40 ppb ozone (NF+), and non filtered air plus 70 ppb ozone (NF++). The herb S. ebulus was more sensitive than the shrubs S. racemosa and S. nigra. Some plants of the three species showed visible injury below the AOT40 threshold of 10,000 ppb·h, established for protection of vegetation. Ozone produced a decrease in chlorophyll content in S. ebulus, and impaired both stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis in S. ebulus and S. nigra. A complementary study in 2004 with S. ebulus, confirmed a decrease in chlorophyll content after fumigation, associated to a decrease in N content of the leaves. Since S. ebulus is a widespread species in Europe and it is very sensitive to ozone, it could be a very appropriate plant for the biomonitoring studies across large areas in this continent.     

哈密地区生态保护可持续发展对策分析

哈密地区自然条件十分脆弱,长期以来重开发、轻保护,资源开发和经济增长方式粗放,使生态系统遭到破坏。为把生态保护置于新疆经济社会可持续发展的基础性地位,提出了生态保护的重点和难点,并对此制定出生态保护的对策。     

POTENTIAL OF EPISODIC FLOWS IN SOME FOUR REPRESENTATIVE NON-PERENNIAL RIVER FLOW CATCHMENTS IN SEMI ARID LAIKIPIA DISTRICT, KENYA

The purpose of this study was to establish the water resources of thenon-perennial streams in providing supplementary water needs inLaikipia district. This district has undergone remarkable land usechanges resulting in water use stress of perennial river abstractions andgroundwater exploitation in the semi arid environment.Over a three year period extending from January 1989 to December1991, hydrological variables were monitored in four non-perennial flowcatchments within the district. These catchments have been shown tohave potential of about 8000 m³/km²/year except forlong dry spells during the observation period and high sediment lossesand evaporation rates calling for proper conservation measures in orderto exploit productively the water resources potential of such catchments.     

Environmentally stratified sampling design for the development of Great Lakes environmental indicators

Understanding the relationship between human disturbance and ecological response is essential to the process of indicator development. For large-scale observational studies, sites should be selected across gradients of anthropogenic stress, but such gradients are often unknown for a population of sites prior to site selection. Stress data available from public sources can be used in a geographic information system (GIS) to partially characterize environmental conditions for large geographic areas without visiting the sites. We divided the U.S. Great Lakes coastal region into 762 units consisting of a shoreline reach and drainage-shed and then summarized over 200 environmental variables in seven categories for the units using a GIS. Redundancy within the categories of environmental variables was reduced using principal components analysis. Environmental strata were generated from cluster analysis using principal component scores as input. To protect against site selection bias, sites were selected in random order from clusters. The site selection process allowed us to exclude sites that were inaccessible and was shown to successfully distribute sites across the range of environmental variation in our GIS data. This design has broad applicability when the goal is to develop ecological indicators using observational data from large-scale surveys.