嘉善前体物与气象因子对臭氧生成的影响及臭氧潜在源区分析

利用2017年嘉善善西超级站臭氧（O₃）及其前体物（NO_x和VOCs）以及气象因子（温度、湿度、风速）逐小时数据，分析了2017年全年NO_x和O₃的变化特征以及春季（4—5月）、夏季（7—8月）NO_x和气象因子对O₃生成的影响，利用O₃生成潜势（OFP）评估了VOCs大气化学反应活性，并通过潜在源区贡献（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法分析了嘉善春、夏季O₃潜在源区贡献特征。研究发现：O₃日变化特征为单峰结构，NO_x为弱双峰结构。O₃浓度在3—9月较高，春、夏季O₃浓度峰值分别出现在15：00和14：00，春、夏季的NO_x、O₃日变化与2017年全年日变化趋势基本一致。NO_x对O₃存在滴定作用，且低湿高温有利于O₃浓度的升高。春、夏季O₃生成潜势贡献均表现为烯烃 > 芳香烃 > 烷烃，由于烯烃光化学活性较高，夏季烯烃浓度升高导致其贡献较春季增长约18.1个百分点，且夏季VOCs平均最大O₃增量反应活性高于春季。PSCF和CWT分析结果表明，嘉善春季的潜在源区主要为本地、西南方向和东南方向，夏季的潜在源区主要为本地、西北方向、西南方向以及东南方向。     

钦州湾春季水质营养状况分析与评价

根据2010年4月对钦州湾海域调查结果,分析并评价了该海域春季的营养状况。结果表明,表层海水中DIN和SiO₃-Si都为茅尾海钦江入海口含量较高,PO₄-P为茅尾海西南部沿岸增养殖区含量较高,DIN、PO₄-P和SiO₃-Si水平分布上均表现为湾内含量高于湾外。从营养结构看,与Justic等提出的营养盐化学计量限制标准比较,符合P限制条件,PO₄-P可能成为浮游植物生长的潜在限制因子。根据营养状态指数评价模式和有机污染评价指数计算结果显示,2010年春季钦州湾海域营养水平属于中营养水平,有机污染程度属4级,表明钦州湾表层海水水质已达到中度污染。     

长沙地区O3污染潜势广义可加模型的季节分异性

基于长沙市2016—2019年臭氧（O₃）浓度的逐时监测资料以及该时段同时次的气象观测数据，首先利用相关性分析和方差膨胀因子相结合的方法排除了相对湿度、太阳辐射、气温、风速、气压之间存在多重共线性问题，进而构建了春、夏、秋、冬四季O₃日最大8 h滑动平均质量浓度（O₃-8 h）与上述气象因子的广义可加模型（GAMs），分析了O₃污染潜势GAMs模型的季节分异特征。结果表明：①春、夏、秋、冬四季O₃与相对湿度、太阳辐射、气温、风速、气压各变量之间多呈现出非线性关系（自由度大于1）。②春、夏、秋、冬四季多变量GAMs模型方差解释率（IRV）分别为80.7%、60.2%、83.0%、81.4%，调整判定系数R²分别为0.795、0.564、0.819、0.795，即不同季节气象因子在GAMs模型中对O₃的解释能力存在显著差异，秋季最好，冬春季次之，夏季最差。③相对湿度、太阳辐射、气温是决定春、夏、秋、冬四季O₃浓度变化最重要的气象要素，但其重要性排序随季节有所变化，对应的太阳辐射的F统计值分别为140.841、36.606、14.16、46.377，相对湿度的F统计值分别为3.291、4.158、15.82、8.105，气温的F统计值分别为7.030、2.113、15.79、3.340。该结论揭示了气象因子对O₃演化影响的复杂性，并为后续O₃污染潜势的预报奠定了基础。     

杭州城区大气颗粒物污染特征及PM2.5潜在源区研究

基于2015年9月1日至2016年8月25日杭州城区观测点PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀小时浓度数据进行分析，利用HYSPLIT模型、潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）方法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法，探讨了杭州城区PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀时间分布特征和PM_2.5潜在来源。结果表明：研究期间PM₁季节平均浓度表现为冬季 > 秋季、春季 > 夏季，PM_1~2.5、PM_2.5~10浓度则表现为冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季；PM₁浓度日变化呈现明显的双峰现象，而PM_1~2.5和PM_2.5~10在同一时段均无明显浓度峰值；杭州城区PM_2.5受外源输送污染具有明显的季节性变化特征，夏季、秋季杭州城区PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是浙江北部、安徽东南部等，春季PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是浙江中部、江苏南部等，冬季PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是山东南部、江苏西南部、浙江北部、安徽南部、江西中部等地区。     

香溪河库湾氮的时空分布及影响因子分析

为研究解决香溪河库湾水体富营养化问题，需探明库湾水体氮的时空分布及影响因子。2010年12月—2011年11月对香溪河与水库干流交界处至香溪河库湾尾部共12个采样点进行连续监测，分析香溪河库湾氮的时空分布，结果表明，香溪河库湾氮存在明显的时空分布规律。空间上，回水末端处TN和NO₃^--N浓度低，河口处浓度高，随着与回水末端距离的增加，浓度逐渐升高。在时间上，香溪河库湾TN和NO₃^--N浓度的变异系数随着与河口距离的增加总体上逐渐增大，研究时间内的变化程度逐渐变大；且香溪河库湾TN和NO₃^--N浓度在三峡水库不同运行阶段的时间变化规律不同。     

2016—2017年武汉市城区大气PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

利用2016年1月至2017年9月湖北省环境监测中心站大气复合污染自动监测站的在线监测数据，对武汉市城区PM_2.5的污染特征及主要来源进行解析。结果表明，武汉市城区PM_2.5质量浓度呈现出明显的季节差异，季节变化规律为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。水溶性离子的主要成分SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺占总离子质量浓度的82.0%。PM_2.5中阴离子相对阳离子较为亏损，颗粒整体呈碱性。夏季气态污染物的氧化程度较高且SO₂较NO₂氧化程度高。后向轨迹分析结果表明，区域传输是武汉市PM_2.5的一个重要来源，在4个典型重污染阶段，武汉市分别受到局地、东北、西北及西南方向气团传输的影响。PMF模型解析出武汉市PM_2.5五大主要来源及平均贡献率：扬尘22.0%、机动车排放27.7%、二次气溶胶21.6%、重油燃烧14.9%和生物质燃烧13.8%。     

2022年春季南京臭氧污染特征及成因分析

2022年春季,受新一轮新冠疫情影响,长三角各城市采取了一系列管控措施,使得大气污染物排放水平降低。对2022年春季(3—5月)南京及长三角地区的六项污染物尤其是臭氧(O₃)的变化特征进行了分析,从气象因素和O₃前体物方面,同时利用基于观测的模型(OBM)对南京O₃污染变化原因进行了研究,并分析了南京挥发性有机物(VOCs)的关键活性组分和来源。结果表明:2022年春季,南京PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂和CO均值浓度均同比下降,但O₃日最大8 h滑动平均质量浓度(O₃-8 h)同比上升19.8%,O₃-8 h超标时间同比增加9 d;长三角区域O₃-8 h同比上升17.9%,O₃-8 h超标天数为2021年同期的2.5倍。南京O₃浓度上升的原因:一方面是由于不利的气象条件,另一方面是由于南京O₃生成处于VOCs控制区,但氮氧化物(NO_x)降幅大于VOCs降幅,同时结合O₃前体物削减方案的分析结果发现,VOCs和NO_x不当的削减比例会导致O₃浓度不降反升。南京O₃生成的关键VOC活性物种依次为乙醛、丙烯、间/对二甲苯、丙烯醛和乙烯;正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)解析结果显示,机动车尾气是南京城区VOCs的主要来源,其次为液化石油气/天然气使用和石油化工。     

PM1与PM2.5切割器性能与测试系统研究

切割器是PM_2.5监测设备的关键部件,其切割性能直接影响PM_2.5和PM₁等环境空气颗粒物质量浓度监测数据的真实、准确。该研究采用粒径范围为0.6~4 μm的聚苯乙烯微球(PSL)标准粒子、单分散气溶胶发生器、混匀(分流)装置和颗粒物数量浓度测量仪等仪器设备集成搭建了适用于PM₁和PM_2.5切割器性能测试的通用系统。测试结果表明:该系统发生的PSL粒子能够保持稳定的数量浓度,并在切割气路和非切割气路间具有较好的数量浓度一致性,能在3 h内快速完成一台切割器切割效率的测试。采用该系统测试了1种类型的PM₁切割器和3种类型的PM_2.5切割器的关键切割性能。结果显示:VSCC型PM_2.5切割器D₅₀分别为2.48、2.52、2.48 μm,σ_g1分别为1.20、1.23和1.15,σ_g2分别为1.21、1.21和1.16,各项关键性能指标均符合美国和中国相关环境保护标准规范的要求,且优于SCC型和URG型切割器。推荐使用VSCC型切割器开展环境空气中PM_2.5质量浓度的监测。SCC型PM₁切割器的D₅₀为0.91 μm,σ_g1和 σ_g2为1.20和1.18,结合其他相关研究,建议PM₁切割器D₅₀合格标准应为(1.0±0.1)μm,σ_g合格标准为不超过1.20。     

典型生态功能区臭氧生成敏感性及气象驱动力解析——以千岛湖地区为例

千岛湖地区是我国重要的自然保护区,属于典型生态功能区。当前,臭氧(O₃)正频繁成为影响千岛湖地区空气质量的首要污染物,但对于与此相关的千岛湖地区O₃生成敏感性,研究人员目前仍未了解清楚。利用2019—2021年TROPOMI卫星观测数据,运用O₃生成敏感性指示剂方法,即甲醛对流层垂直柱浓度和二氧化氮对流层垂直柱浓度的比值(FNR),量化解析了千岛湖地区O₃生成敏感区的时空演化特征。结果表明,千岛湖地区FNR呈现逐年升高趋势,且显著高于杭州市主城区。千岛湖地区氮氧化物(NO_x)控制区逐年扩张,自2019年开始,由西南向东北逐步蔓延。截至2021年,NO_x控制区已基本覆盖整个千岛湖地区。千岛湖地区O₃生成敏感区在夏季基本属于NO_x控制区,在其他季节属于NO_x控制区或协同控制区。结合气象再分析数据发现,FNR与温度呈强正相关(r=0.8),与相对湿度呈较弱正相关,与风速和云液态水含量呈较弱负相关。当温度大于7.0 ℃、风速小于6.2 m/s、云液态水含量小于5.5×10^-5 g/m³、相对湿度大于57.5%时,O₃生成趋向于受NO_x控制。此外,与杭州市相比,千岛湖地区O₃生成对气象参数变化更为敏感。研究成果对我国典型生态功能区O₃污染防控具有重要的启示作用。     

2002—2016年北京市PM10浓度时间变化特征

以北京市2002—2016年PM₁₀日均浓度序列数据为基础，结合小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验等分析方法，研究PM₁₀浓度随时间变化的周期性、趋势性及突变性特征。结果表明：PM₁₀日均浓度变化具有较典型的季节周期性，主周期为300 d左右，次周期为150 d左右。不同周期分析结果显示，PM₁₀污染春季最高，冬季次高，夏末秋初最低。总体上，PM₁₀浓度以平均每年约4 μg/m³的速率递减。2009年以前PM₁₀浓度呈波动变化，降低趋势不显著，2009年1月为序列的突变点，突变后呈显著下降趋势。     

Seasonal and Interannual Variations in the Frequency and Severity of Deformities in Larvae of Chironomus riparius (Meigen, 1804) and Prodiamesa olivacea (Meigen, 1818) (Diptera, Chironomidae) collected in a polluted site

Larvae of Chironomus riparius and Prodiamesa olivacea were sampled at intervals overthe period November 1993 and October 1995 from theriver Sar in Galicia (N.W. Spain), with the aim ofinvestigating possible temporal variations in thefrequency of deformed individuals and in `Toxic Score'values (Lenat, 1993), a score for severity of theabnormalities calculated for each species. The resultsobtained indicate that, in both species, deformitiesare more frequent during the colder period of theyear. Similarly, Toxic Score values are higher duringthis period. These finding suggest that studies usingchironomid larvae as indicators of contaminationsshould involve sampling over an extended period, tominimize the influence of temporal variation.     

Using the Flow Cytometry to Quantify the Giardia Cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Samples

The flow cytometry (FC) has been used to detect Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts quantitatively and instantaneously in this study. The experimental results showed that FC is potential to become a more precise method for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water. This study also evaluated the staining efficiencies for three commercial antibodies. After staining Cryptosporidium oocysts with direct immunofluorescent antibodies in water samples, two populations were detected in the scatter-plots (FL1 versus SSC) of the FC. The Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts are significantly separated from other particles while stained with direct immunofluorescent antibodies produced by Meridian Diagnostics and Waterborne^TM Inc.     

Fly-ash-induced oxidative stress and tolerance in Prosopis juliflora L. grown on different amended substrates

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of metal accumulation on malondialdehyde (MDA), cysteine and non-protein thiol (NPSH) contents in the plants of Prosopis juliflora grown on the fly ash (FA) amended with soil, blue green algae (BGA) biofertilizer, farm yard manure, press mud and Rhizobium inoculation. The analysis of data revealed that the level of MDA, cysteine and NPSH was higher in the roots of the plant than leaves, which was found positively correlated with metal accumulation. An increase of 361.14, 64.25 and 305.62% in MDA, cysteine and NPSH contents, respectively was observed after 45 days in the roots of the plants grown in 100% FA as compared to 100% garden soil (GS). The level of MDA, cysteine and NPSH was found less in the plants grown on various amendments of FA showing ameliorating effect on the toxicity induced due to the accumulation of metals. The decrease in MDA, cysteine and NPSH contents was higher in Rhizobium-inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated plants grown on 100% FA. The results showed a high tolerance potential of the plant, which is further increased by inoculating the plant with FA-tolerant Rhizobium showing feasibility of using P. juliflora in environmental monitoring of FA landfills.     

Bioconcentration and Phytotoxicity of Cd in Eichhornia crassipes

Plants of Eichhornia crassipes grown at various levels of cadmium ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg ml⁻¹ accumulated Cd in a concentration and duration dependent manner. At all levels, Cd accumulation by various plant tissues followed the order roots shoot leaves. Approximately 80% of total Cd was accumulated by plant at highest concentration (100 μg ml⁻¹) used in the experiment. Cadmium induced phytotoxicity appears at 25.0 μg ml⁻¹ resulting into reduced levels of chlorophyll, protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity of the plant. However, a slight induction of these physiological variables was obtained at lowest Cd (0.1 μg ml⁻¹) concentration. In contrast, carotenoid content increased at highest Cd concentration i.e., 100 μg ml⁻¹. Similar effects at low and high levels of Cd was obtained with respect to mitotic index and micronuclei in root meristem of the plant. It could be inferred that Cd toxicity in plant is differential depending upon the low and high concentration of Cd in the medium.     

铅锌尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征及环境风险

以尾矿库周边土壤为研究对象,用改进BCR法探讨Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr形态特征,用污染因子Cf和风险评价代码RAC评估环境风险。结果表明:Pb污染最重,总量是区域背景值的2倍多,污染剖面各重金属总量垂向分布均匀,污染已扩散至1 m深;5种金属均主要以残渣态存在,有效态、可交换态Pb质量占比均高于其他4种金属,与表层土壤相比,中、下层污染剖面各金属以更稳定的形态存在;Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr在表层或污染剖面土壤均存在低风险,部分点位Pb存在中度风险。     

Distribution of metals in aquatic edible plants: Trapa natans (Roxb.) Makino and Ipomoea aquatica Forsk

Most of the water bodies being used for the cultivation ofedible aquatic plants (Trapa natans and Ipomoeaaquatica) in Lucknow district, U.P., India, were found to becontaminated with a variety of toxic metals (Fe, Cu, Cr, Mn andPb). The concentration of metals Cr, Pb and Fe in water was muchhigher than recommended permissible limits of WHO (1995). Theedible parts of these plants bioconcentrated metals from theirsurrounding water significantly. Therefore, the present studywas planned to assess the metal concentration in edible part ofplants which was collected from various water bodies used forcultivation of these crops. Despite varying levels of metalsfound in various fruit parts of T. natans, the metalaccumulation in kernel was alarming. However, metal contentdecreased significantly in various parts after boiling thefruit. Similarly, I. aquatica also accumulatedsignificantly higher amounts of these metals in leaves, howeverthe metal accumulating potential varied considerably dependingupon level of metal contamination in the water body in which they were growing. The importance of these findings in theexploitation of these aquatic crops to meet the demand of foodand health perspectives for human beings is highlighted.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Biochemical and Ultrastructural Changes in Plant Foliage Exposed to Auto-Pollution

Auto-pollution is the by-product of our mechanized mobility, which adversely affects both plant and human life. However, plants growing in the urban locations provide a great respite to us from the brunt of auto-pollution by absorbing the pollutants at their foliar surface. Foliar surface configuration and biochemical changes in two selected plant species, namely Ficus religiosa L. and Thevetia nerifolia L., growing at IT crossing (highly polluted sites), Picup bhawan crossing (moderately polluted site) and Kukrail Forest Picnic Spot (Low polluted site) were investigated. It was observed that auto-exhaust pollution showed marked alterations in photosynthetic pigments, protein and cysteine contents and also in leaf area and foliar surface architecture of plants growing at HP site as compared to LP site. The changes in the foliar configuration reveal that these plants can be used as biomarkers of auto-pollution.     

Evaluation of Caging Designs and a Fingernail Clam for Use in an In Situ Bioassay

Two cage designs and fingernail clams(Sphaerium fabale) were evaluated for theirsuitability for use in in situ bioassays toassess the ecological condition of a stream andpredict ecological recovery potential. One design(referred to as tray design) was a modified plastictray about one-fourth full of small gravels andcovered with 1 mm fiberglass mesh. The second design(referred to as tube-plates) consisted of shortplexiglass tubes about one-third full of small gravelsand attached horizontally to a plexiglass plate. Oneend of each tube faced into the current; both endswere covered with mesh. Cages containing clams weredeployed at reference and impacted (test) sites forperiods of 70 to 135 d. Growth and survival were theprimary endpoints evaluated, but the tube-platesallowed isolation of individual clams so that natalityalso could be evaluated as an endpoint. Results ofbenthic macroinvertebrate surveys, performed foranother study, were included to help validate bioassayresults. Both cage designs yielded good quantitative,site-specific results for clam survival and growth;results for natality, though, were less conclusive. Clam survival and growth results were in good generalagreement with the results for the benthicmacroinvertebrate community surveys. At a site wherethe macroinvertebrate community was the mostdepauperate, clam mortality was always rapid. At asite where the condition of the macroinvertebratecommunity was only slightly less impacted than themost impacted site, clam growth was almost alwayssignificantly lower than at reference sites. Survivalof clams was significantly reduced in <25 d at thissite in some trials, but in other trials there waslittle mortality. At a minimally impacted site, clamsurvival was similar to that found at reference sites,and differences in clam growth were not detectableuntil after 40 to 50 d of exposure. The tube-platedesign was easier to use, allowed more flexibility inselection of response parameters, and required lesshandling time of test animals, thus, this was thepreferred design. Our results demonstrated thateither in situ bioassay design can be used toaugment monitoring and assessment programs. Their useas a predictor of ecological recovery, however,requires further evaluation.     

Evaluation of air pollution phytotoxicity downwind of a phosphate fertilizer factory in India

The effects of air pollution on plants downwind of a fertilizer factory at Udaipur, India, were studied using three woody perennials. Seedlings of these species including a shrub (Carissa carandas L.), a leguminous avenue tree (Cassia fistula L.) and a fruit tree (Psidium guajava L.) were grown in earthen pots at different study sites receiving varying levels of air pollution input. Changes in plant growth, morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigment, ascorbic acid, N and S contents and in dry matter allocation were considered in relation to the status of ambient air quality. Observations with these parameters have indicated that the ambient air around the factory contained pollutants at phytotoxic levels. Plant height, basal diameter, conopy area, leaf area and chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and foliar-N concentrations decreased with increasing pollution load. However, foliar-S increased slightly at polluted sites. Air pollution load around the factory have also altered the biomass allocation. Root:shoot ratios increased in C. fistula and P. guajava at polluted sites. In contrast, for C. carandas the above ground parts, where foliage assumed predominance showed precedence over the root growth. This species responded characteristically to air pollution stress by allocating more of its photosynthate towards leaf production and shoot growth.