土壤中7种重金属和砷测定的精密度控制指标研究

通过对浙江省近700组实际土壤样品进行分析,研究了土壤中铜、铅、锌、铬、镍、镉、砷、汞7种重金属和砷测定的精密度控制指标(实验室内相对偏差和实验室间相对偏差),并与行业标准分析方法和文献进行了比较,旨在为环境监测质量控制与质量保证工作提供参考。经统计分析,建议实验室内相对偏差控制指标如下:铜,≤15%;铅,≤15%;锌,≤15%;铬,≤15%;镍,≤15%;镉,≤20%;砷,≤15%;汞,≤50%。建议实验室间相对偏差控制指标如下:铜,≤25%;铅,≤25%;锌,≤20%;铬,≤20%;镍,≤25%;镉,≤35%;砷,≤25%;汞,≤55%。     

湛江南桥河、北桥河水重金属含量及分布的研究

通过硝酸-过氧化氢微波消解样品,采用ICP-AES法测定了河水中锌、铅、镉、砷、镍、铁、铬、铜等重金属元素的含量,并分析了这些重金属元素在不同河段、不同水期含量的分布情况。测定结果的RSD<9%,加标回收率在86.0%~103.4%之间,检出限在0.832~2.42μg/L之间,该方法快速、稳定、效果较好。     

水稻重金属含量与土壤质量的关系

根据“淮安市绿色食品基地调查以及相关研究”课题资料 ,分析了水稻中重金属含量与其土壤质量的关系。结果表明 ,重金属含量在水稻中的分布是 :根 >茎叶 >籽粒 ;水稻籽粒对重金属的吸收特点因其元素不同而差异较大 ,重金属元素被水稻糙米吸收的程度为 :砷 <镉 <汞 <铅 <锰 <铬 <铜 <锌 ;在糙米中检出的重金属铜和铬的含量与土壤中铜和铬的含量呈显著性相关关系 ,铅、锌、锰的含量与土壤中铅、锌、锰的含量相关关系不显著     

环境污染事故中重金属优先快速监测方法研究

在国内外重金属监测技术的基础上对环境污染事故中重金属（铜、铅、锌、砷、汞、铬、镉）的两种主要快速监测方法进行了研究。研究结果表明：比色法可测试铜、铅、锌、镉、六价铬5种重金属，且精密度与准确度均较好；阳极溶出伏安法（ASV）可测试铜、铅、锌、镉、砷、汞6种重金属，但测定六价铬时偏差较大；除六价铬和铜外，阳极溶出伏安法的测试范围较比色法宽，且检出限较低；阳极溶出伏安法可同时测定镉、铅、铜3种金属，具有较好的适用性。     

X-荧光光谱法在土壤调查中的应用

采用硼酸镶边、垫底压制土壤粉末样品,用X-荧光光谱仪分析其中铜、铅、铬、锌、镍等元素浓度。主要讨论了样品粒度对分析元素测定结果的影响。分析了标准样品及实际样品,其结果与标准值及化学法、原子吸收法测定结果相吻合。用土壤标准物质作精密度试验,统计结果表明,各组分RSD均小于3.74%。     

三峡库区柑橘对土壤重金属吸收富集特征研究

研究区域柑橘果实重金属含量符合NY/T 426-2000<绿色食品柑橘>标准,果实品质达到一级产品.土壤中重金属的含量越高,柑橘叶片、果皮、果肉的重金属含量也越高.柑橘叶片对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、镍、汞、砷、铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮与果肉,果皮对土壤重金属铜、锌、铅、镉、汞的吸收富集能力显著大于果肉,果肉对土壤重金属铬的吸收富集能力显著大于果皮.柑橘同一部位对土壤中不同重金属元素的吸收富集能力也存在很大的差异,柑橘叶片对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr＞As＞Ni,柑橘果皮对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞As,柑橘果肉对土壤中不同重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序为Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn＞Cd＞Ni＞Pb＞As.     

密闭微波消解 ICP- AES 法测定大气颗粒物中金属元素

采用过氯乙烯滤膜采集、密闭微波消解、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定大气颗粒物中铅、镍、铬、铜、铁、锌、锰、钡、镉,优化了试验条件.方法线性良好,各元素的检出限在0.001 mg/L～0.01 mg/L之间,滤膜样品测定的RSD为0.6%～2.9%,加标回收率为96.0%～105%.     

菏泽市不同类型村庄土壤主要无机元素的监测与评价

为揭示土壤主要无机元素积累成因,制定科学防控措施,以菏泽市养殖型、蔬菜型、粮食型、工业型4种类型村庄为研究对象,分析了11个典型村庄8种土壤主要无机元素含量、分布特征及污染风险。结果表明,土壤镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌的质量分数分别为0. 01～0. 53、0. 002～0. 145、5. 51～15. 20、17. 6～75. 8、14. 5～69. 9、13. 3～33. 8、18. 8～46. 9、41. 5～96. 4 mg/kg。蔬菜型村庄镉、汞、铅元素含量最高;粮食型村庄铬、铜、镍含量最高;养殖型村庄砷、锌元素含量最高;工业型村庄铬、铜、镍元素含量较高,其余元素的含量都较低。各主要无机元素平均值均未超过农用地土壤污染筛选值,但除汞外,均超过了黄河故道区域土壤环境背景值,尤以镉最显著。     

西南某省14种尾矿重金属浸出量及总量分析

研究中国西南某省不同类型尾矿的重金属浸出量及总量,为尾矿的污染防范、环境管理和综合利用提供参考和建议。采集了14种类型共164个有代表性尾矿进行浸出毒性试验,并分析其中79个典型尾矿样品的9种重金属含量,以评估其污染风险和综合利用价值。结果表明,有5种类型共7个样品出现浸出毒性超标,分别为铅锌矿、镍矿、银矿、铁矿、锰矿,总体超标率为4.3%。超标元素分别为砷、镉、锌、铅、铜、镍等6种元素,最大超标倍数分别为砷18.3倍、锌4.8倍、镉3.0倍、铅0.56倍、铜0.32倍、镍0.16倍;尾矿含有较多重金属,其中砷、锌、铅、铜含量较高,最高分别达到11.75%、2.60%、1.01%、0.29%,不同类型尾矿其重金属含量各有不同,铅锌矿尾矿的重金属总量最高。总体上,该省绝大多数尾矿为普通固废,少部分为危险废物,砷、镉、锌、铅、铜、镍等6种元素存在污染风险,其中砷元素是最主要污染物;尾矿由于重金属含量较高而有一定的综合利用价值。     

淋洗处理土壤的重金属冲刷量测定

利用人工淋洗的方法模拟自然径流对土壤的冲刷,测定城市不同区域的各类土壤中重金属的冲刷量。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对铜、锌、铅、铬、镍5种重金属元素进行连续测定,回收率为96%～103%,线性相关系数r均大于0.999,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%。该方法灵敏度、精密度、和准确度均能满足相关检测标准的质量控制要求,具有多元素同时分析、样品前处理简单、干扰少、测定快速、准确等优点。该方法可以提高工作效率,对于大批量或突发性土壤重金属污染的监测具有实际应用价值。     

便携式XRF测定仪在土壤检测中的应用及其影响因素

研究了便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(PXRF)的仪器性能,评估了其检出限、准确度及精密度,并和常规实验室检测方法比对进一步评估其性能,分析两者间的相关性和差异性。进一步探究了影响PXRF测定的2个最主要因素(土壤含水量和粒径)。结果表明:PXRF具备良好的仪器性能,8种元素的检出限为0.62～8.01 mg/kg,除Cd和Hg外,精密度均低于7%,准确度范围为-7.5%～11.1%。Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As的PXRF测定值与常规实验室方法测定值有良好的相关性,特别是Cu、Zn,相关系数可达0.873、0.832,而Cd和Hg的相关性则较弱。土壤含水量和土壤粒径会影响PXRF的测定性能,鲜样测定检测值普遍小于干样,0.15、2 mm粒径下检测值具有较强的相关性。研究旨在为PXRF的现场应用提供 参考,该方法可应用于初步监测和应急监测,实现土壤重金属元素的快速测定。     

长江南京段近岸沉积物和土壤中重金属分布特征分析

通过测定沉积物和土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni 6种重金属元素的平均含量,计算其富集因子,分析长江南京段近岸沉积物和土壤中重金属的空间分布特征,结果表明,几种重金属在沉积物中的富集次序为:CdPbCr1NiCuZn,在土壤中为:CdZnCu1CrPbNi,除Zn和Cu外,其他几种金属在沉积物中的富集程度高于土壤,同时Cd的含量超过土壤环境质量三级标准。以Cd和Pb为例分析了重金属含量与沉积物粒级之间的关系,回归分析显示,Cd、Pb的含量与颗粒物的粒级呈显著的相关性,与细颗粒物的含量有密切关系,细颗粒携带的重金属,在长江水力分选作用下到达下游,成为沉积物中重金属的主要来源。     

某铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

为能够定量评价铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染程度及其潜在生态危害性,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属进行综合污染评价。结果表明,铀尾矿库周围部分农田土壤中重金属Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Hg、Zn含量存在积累和超标情况,尤以Cd的污染最严重,Ni、As次之;Pb、Cr含量能够满足标准限值要求。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险较高,主要潜在生态风险因子为Cd,其次是Hg、As,Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn并不构成潜在生态风险。铀尾矿库周围农田土壤中较高水平的Cd在构成环境污染的同时,也构成了较严重的生态危害,应加强对重金属Cd、Hg的生态风险防治。     

乌鲁木齐市米东污灌区农田土壤重金属污染评价

对米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量进行监测分析,利用不同的评价方法和标准对土壤重金属的环境质量进行评价。结果表明:米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量分别为Cd(0.12±0.06)mg/kg,Cu(40.43±5.30)mg/kg,Zn(78.38±11.04)mg/kg,Pb(11.66±11.79)mg/kg,Ni(20.24±8.05)mg/kg,Cr(75.81±8.05)mg/kg。以国家土壤环境质量标准(二级)为标准评价,各元素的污染指数排序为Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Cd>Pb,综合污染指数为0.337,污染程度为安全。以食用农产品产地土壤环境质量要求为标准评价,各元素的污染指数排序为Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Cd>Pb,综合污染指数为0.343,污染程度为安全。表明米东污灌区农田土壤重金属含量尚能达到食用农产品产地土壤环境质量要求。Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量超过乌鲁木齐市土壤背景值,这说明污灌区土壤重金属Pb、Cu、Zn近年来已有所累积,存在一定的污染风险。     

濮阳工业园区土壤重金属背景值及质量评价

为了研究濮阳工业园区土壤重金属背景值,采集了该园区及周边土壤46个样品,测定了土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的含量,并采用污染负荷指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明:工业园区土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni的背景值分别为36.2、118、49.2、40.6、0.125、15.3 mg/kg;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量高于河南省土壤重金属背景值;Pb为极强污染,Cu、Zn、Cd为中等污染,重金属污染程度从重到轻的排序为PbZnCuCd,表明濮阳工业园区土壤重金属具有轻微的潜在生态危害。     

太原市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征及来源解析

为了解太原市采暖期大气颗粒物不同粒径中重金属的污染特征及其来源,于2012年10月—2013年2月对环境空气中颗粒物采样,用原子吸收分光光度法测定样品中Fe、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd、Mn、Zn等8种元素的含量。结果表明,太原市采暖期重金属浓度从高到低依次为FePbMnZnCrCuNiCd。重金属Pb、Mn、Zn、Ni、Cd主要富集在PM2.5中;Cr主要富集在PM10中;Cu主要富集在PM5中;Fe主要在粒径大于2.5μm的粗粒子中富集。除Zn外,其他7种元素浓度均表现为灰霾期采暖期采暖前。通过主因子分析表明,太原市大气颗粒物中重金属主要来源于冶金、有机合成工业、燃煤、汽车尾气、土壤尘等。     

Monitoring of total and bioavailable heavy metals concentration in agricultural soils

The aim of this paper is to evaluate total and bioavailable concentration of heavy metals in agricultural soils in order to estimate their distribution, to identify the possible correlations among toxic elements and the pollution sources, to distinguish the samples in relation to sampling site or to sampling depth, and to evaluate the available fraction providing information about the risky for plants. In particular, we reinvestigated total concentrations of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn and available concentrations of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn in soil from Apulia (Southern Italy). Analytical results showed that total concentrations, for all soils, are in the range permitted by regulations in force in Italy, but some soils evidence slight enrichment of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. All the heavy metals in the available fraction were below the detection limits of the analytical techniques used except Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn.     

典型铝塑厂周边土壤重金属分布特征与健康风险评价

为探究铝塑园区周边土壤重金属污染情况,选取山东省某城市塑料开发区为研究区,按照分层采样方式获取到80个土壤样品,分别测定土壤中As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量,运用统计分析法探讨土壤重金属等的分布特征和来源,并利用健康风险评价模型确定了土壤重金属对周边居民的健康风险。结果表明:As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn均超出山东省土壤背景值,其中Cd、Hg、Cu和Pb分别超出背景值48. 15%、106. 90%、62. 04%和39. 96%,表明土壤中存在一定程度的重金属积累,在周边140～210 m处最为严重,且受人类活动影响强烈,与风向关系不大;土壤重金属垂直分布特征大致呈现随着深度的增加不断增加,在20 cm深度附近达到最高值,其后不断降低并趋于平稳,Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb和Zn变异幅度大,受到人为干扰较大,As、Cr和Ni主要受成土母质控制,属于自然来源,变动幅度较小;研究区内8种元素不存在非致癌风险,Cr、As、Ni和Cd产生的致癌风险处在可接受范围内,但存在的潜在致癌风险应引起足够的重视。     

Vertical distribution of heavy metals in soil profile in a seasonally waterlogging agriculture field in Eastern Ganges Basin

The accumulation of heavy metals in soil and water is a serious concern due to their persistence and toxicity. This study investigated the vertical distribution of heavy metals, possible sources and their relation with soil texture in a soil profile from seasonally waterlogged agriculture fields of Eastern Ganges basin. Fifteen samples were collected at ～0.90-m interval during drilling of 13.11 mbgl and analysed for physical parameters (moisture content and grain size parameters: sand, silt, clay ratio) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni and Cd). The average metal content was in the decreasing order of Fe?>?Mn?>?Cr?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Cu?>?Co?>?Pb?>?Cd. Vertical distribution of Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni shows more or less similar trends, and clay zone records high concentration of heavy metals. The enrichment of heavy metals in clay zone with alkaline pH strongly implies that the heavy metal distributions in the study site are effectively regulated by soil texture and reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides. Correlation coefficient analysis indicates that most of the metals correlate with Fe, Mn and soil texture (clay and silt). Soil quality assessment was carried out using geoaccumulation index (I _geo), enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (CF). The enrichment factor values were ranged between 0.66 (Mn) and 2.34 (Co) for the studied metals, and the contamination factor values varied between 0.79 (Mn) and 2.55 (Co). Results suggest that the elements such as Cu and Co are categorized as moderate to moderately severe contamination, which are further confirmed by I _geo values (0.69 for Cu and 0.78 for Co). The concentration of Ni exceeded the effects-range median values, and the biological adverse effect of this metal is 87 %. The average concentration of heavy metals was compared with published data such as concentration of heavy metals in Ganga River sediments, Ganga Delta sediments and upper continental crust (UCC), which apparently revealed that heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cd are influenced by the dynamic nature of flood plain deposits. Agricultural practice and domestic sewage are also influenced on the heavy metal content in the study area.     

Contamination assessment of arsenic and heavy metals in a typical abandoned estuary wetland—a case study of the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve

Coastal and estuarine areas are often polluted by heavy metals that result from industrial production and agricultural activities. In this study, we investigated the concentration trait and vertical pattern of trace elements, such as As, Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr, and the relationship between those trace elements and the soil properties in coastal wetlands using 28 profiles that were surveyed across the Diaokouhe Nature Reserve (DKHNR). The goal of this study is to investigate profile distribution characteristics of heavy metals in different wetland types and their variations with the soil depth to assess heavy metal pollution using pollution indices and to identify the pollution sources using multivariate analysis and sediment quality guidelines. Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and pollution level indices were applied to evaluate the contamination conditions due to wetland degradation. The findings indicated that the concentration of trace elements decreased with the soil depth, while Cd increases with soil depth. The As concentrations in reed swamps and Suaeda heteroptera surface layers were slightly higher than those in other land use types. All six heavy metals, i.e., Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Cr, and Pb, were strongly associated with PC1 (positive loading) and could reflect the contribution of natural geological sources of metals into the coastal sediments. PC2 is highly associated with Cd and could represent anthropogenic sources of metal pollution. Most of the heavy metals exhibited significant positive correlations with total concentrations; however, no significant correlations were observed between them and the soil salt and soil organic carbon. Soil organic carbon exhibited a positive linear relationship with Cu, Pb, and Zn in the first soil layer (0–20 cm); As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the second layer (20–40 cm); and As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the third layer (40–60 cm). Soil organic carbon exhibited only a negative correlation with Cd (P?I _geo values), which averaged less than 0 in the three soil layers, this finding indicates that the soils have remained unpolluted by these heavy metals. The mean concentrations of these trace elements were lower than Class I criteria. The degradation wetland restoration suggestions have also been provided in such a way as to restore the reserved flow path of the Yellow River. The results that are associated with trace element contamination would be helpful in providing scientific directions to restore wetlands across the world.