燃煤锅炉脱砷现状研究

通过对国内外燃煤锅炉脱砷现状的研究，探讨各种脱砷方法的优、缺点，提出锅炉脱砷的可行方案。把砷污染的产生与锅炉运行实际结合起来考虑，脱砷过程可以分为燃烧前、燃烧中、燃烧后三段。燃烧前脱砷对于无机砷可以达到70％以上的效率，而对有机砷则会产生富集作用；燃烧中脱砷可利用现有的脱硫技术和设备，如炉内喷钙技术和循环流化床锅炉，其脱除效率分别达到40％、80％；燃烧后脱砷方法主要包括提高除尘器效率法、化学法、吸收剂法，这些方法基本都能使除砷效率理论值达到90％以上，具有极佳的工业应用前景。     

促脱剂协同传统吹脱法处理高氨氮工业废水

在中试吹脱装置上,通过投加低浓度促脱剂协同传统吹脱法处理高氨氮工业废水(氨氮质量浓度2 369～3 600 mg/L)。结果表明:在相同处理条件下,阴离子促脱剂的氨氮去除效果优于阳离子促脱剂,且促脱剂的碳数越高越有利于氨氮的去除;废水处理的最佳工艺条件为废水pH 12.0、废水温度50℃、吹脱时间5 h、促脱剂投加量25 mg/L、气液比600∶1;该条件下,以木质素磺酸钠为促脱剂协同吹脱法处理高氨氮废水,氨氮去除率可达99%以上,高于传统吹脱法20个百分点以上。     

Application of response surface methodology to the treatment landfill leachate in a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor

The influence of different variables on the removal of ammonia nitrogen and COD from landfill leachate was investigated in a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor. Box–Behnken statistical experiment design and the response surface methodology were used to investigate operating condition effects, such as current density, activated carbon to water ratio and the reaction time, on ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency and COD removal efficiency. The positive and negative effects of variables and the interaction between variables on ammonia nitrogen removal and COD removal were determined. The response surface methodology models were derived based on the results and the response surface plots were developed accordingly.     

Analysis of a system for remote, dry removal of solidified mixed waste

This paper describes a novel technology for the removal of solidified radioactive waste from underground storage tanks at the DOE Hanford site in southeast Washington. The process involves the use of a unique high pressure system which pulverizes the hardened saltcake with stainless steel pellets to a powder for easy vacuum removal. The steel pellets can be magnetically separated from the waste material for re-use. Specifically this study analyzes the effects of various steel abrasives, pressure of the air stream, and stand-off distance on removal rates and penetration depth on simulated saltcake samples using the high pressure technique. A full-scale test set-up and protocol were implemented to allow for comprehensive testing. To insure reproducibility of the method, tests were then run for the optimum removal parameters. A time-dependent test was also conducted to determine the relationship of removal rates to length of pressure blasts. The results of these tests revealed that stand-off distance and pressure could be positively correlated to removal volumes. Additionally, a statistical analysis confirmed that nozzle angle is independent of removal rate. This study demonstrated that the pellet ‘blaster’ technique is a safe, effective method for removal of radioactive wastes without any increase in either waste mass or volume.     

考虑油滴碰撞聚结的斜板除油过程模拟

考虑离散油滴在油田废水除油过程中发生的油滴碰撞聚结现象,模拟得出斜板除油器内全部油滴的动态信息,用于斜板除油器除油效率的计算.对矩形同向流斜板除油过程的模拟研究表明:油滴的碰撞聚结会增加斜板除油的效率;当废水的原始含油浓度增大时,斜板除油的效率会增大,碰撞聚结对除油效率提高的影响也越大;废水流动速度提高及斜板的倾斜角度增加均会使斜板的除油效率降低,但此时油滴碰撞聚结对除油效率的影响仍很明显.     

三种填料对生活污水中磷的去除效果研究

研究了沙子、砾石、珍珠岩三种填料对生活污水中磷的去除效果.结果表明:沙子对污水中总磷(TP)的去除效果最好,出水中TP的含量小于1.0 mg/L;砾石次之,珍珠岩的去除效果最差.三种填料对生活污水中TP的平均去除率分别为76.2%、37.7%和26.1%.     

Simultaneous removal of COD and ammonium from landfill leachate using an anaerobic-aerobic moving-bed biofilm reactor system

The performance of a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system with an anaerobic-aerobic arrangement was investigated to treat landfill leachate for simultaneous removal of COD and ammonium. It was found that the anaerobic MBBR played a major role in COD removal due to methanogenesis, and the aerobic MBBR acted as COD-polishing and ammonium removal step. The contribution of the anaerobic MBBR to total COD removal efficiency reached 91% at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.08 kgCOD/(m3d), and gradually decreased to 86% when feed OLR was increased to 15.70 kgCOD/(m3d). Because of the complementary function of the aerobic reactor, the total COD removal efficiency of the system had a slight decrease from 94% to 92% even though the feed OLR was increased from 4.08 to 15.70 kgCOD/(m3d). Hydraulic retention time (HRT) had a significant effect on NH+4-N removal; more than 97% of the total NH+4-N removal efficiency could be achieved when the HRT of the aerobic MBBR was more than 1.25 days. The anaerobic-aerobic system had a strong tolerance to shock loading. A decrease in COD removal efficiency of only 7% was observed when the OLR was increased by four times and shock duration was 24 h, and the system could recover the original removal efficiency in 3 days. The average sludge yield of the anaerobic reactor was estimated to be 0.0538 gVSS/gCOD rem.     

陡电干除灰设备治理和改进

针对陡河发电厂干除灰系统易出现内管脱落、磨损及逆止阀密封不严等问题系统地进行了分析，对频发缺陷进行了治理和改进，确保干除灰系统安全运行。     

铁-镍交联改性膨润土的制备及应用

以钠基膨润土为原料，制备了铁-镍无机交联、铁-镍有机交联系列改性膨润土，比较了二者对废水的COD、色度、浊度和废水中Cr^6＋的去除效果；考察了改性嘭润土加入量、pH、搅拌时间等因素对实验结果的影响。结果表明，铁-镍有机交联改性嘭润土对Cr^6＋的去除效果明显好于铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土，对COD的去除效果略好于铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土；铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土对废水浊度的去除效果略好于铁-镍有机交联改性膨润土；二者对色度的去除效果相当。吸附行为符合Langmuir方程。     

粉煤灰处理阴离子表面活性剂废水及机理研究

采用粉煤灰作为吸附混凝剂,研究了粉煤灰对废水中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）的去除及机理。分析了粉煤灰投加量、吸附时间、pH值对废水中SDS去除率的影响,探讨了最佳条件下废水中SDS去除率,研究了粉煤灰动力学特征。结果表明,在200mL浓度50mg/L的SDS溶液中,调节pH值为13,加入70 g粉煤灰,搅拌20m in后,SDS的去除率为83.3%。粉煤灰对SDS的吸附符合Freund lich吸附等温式。     

Adsorption of SO2 and NO from incineration flue gas onto activated carbon fibers

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were used to remove SO(2) and NO from incineration flue gas. Three types of ACFs in their origin state and after pretreatment with HNO(3), NaOH, and KOH were investigated. The removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO were determined experimentally at defined SO(2) and NO concentrations and at temperatures of 150, 200 and 260 degrees C. Experimental results indicated that the removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO using the original ACFs were <56% and <27%, respectively. All ACFs modified with HNO(3), NaOH, and KOH solution could increase the removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO. The mesopore volumes and functional groups of ACFs are important in determining the removal of SO(2) and NO. When the mesopore volumes of the ACFs are insufficient for removing SO(2) and NO, the functional groups on the ACFs are not important in determining the removal of SO(2) and NO. On the contrary, the effects of the functional groups on the removal of SO(2) and NO are more important than the mesopore volumes as the amount of mesopores on the ACFs is sufficient to remove SO(2) and NO. Moreover, the removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO were greatest at 200 degrees C. When the inlet concentration of SO(2) increased to 600ppm, the removal efficiency of SO(2) increased slightly and the removal efficiency of NO decreased.     

酸析法和碱析法处理草浆造纸黑液的效果对比

对比了酸析法和碱析法对碱法草浆造纸黑液中木质素的去除效果，并分析了聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂对酸析和碱析后木质素的絮凝效果。实验结果表明:酸析法和碱析法都能有效析出造纸黑液中的木质素，酸析法对色度的去除效果要优于碱析法;当造纸黑液pH为3时，COD去除率达到72.0%，色度去除率为97.7%;当造纸黑液pH为13时，COD去除率达到55.0%，色度去除率为22.3%;PAC对于酸析后木质素有较好的絮凝效果，当废水温度为55℃、PAC加入量为45mL/L时，COD去除率可以达到79.5%，色度去除率为98.5%;PAC絮凝剂对于碱析后的造纸黑液色度的去除效果较差。     

气升式环流生物反应器处理废水厌氧过程研究

采用气升式环流生物反应器处理模拟废水。周期性通入空气和氮气来实现厌氧一好氧交替过程。对厌氧一好氧过程和普通好氧过程进行了对比,研究了厌氧处理时间和曝气速率对生物除磷效果的影响。结果表明,厌氧过程可以显著地增强生物除磷效果,与普通好氧过程相比,在进水总磷质量浓度为10mg／L时,磷的去除率可以提高30％,而COD的去除基本不受影响;适当延长厌氧处理时间和适当增大厌氧过程曝气速率可以改善厌氧环境及活性污泥性能,提高磷的去除率。     

现有设备协同脱汞技术概述

介绍了燃煤电站汞的排放状况,并指出了汞危害性以及我国面临的脱汞压力,论述了烟气中汞存在形式以及影响其存在形式的因素.探讨了当前燃煤电站利用现有污染控制设备进行协同脱汞的研究进展,包括：燃烧器/反应器、选择性催化还原脱硝（SCR）、电除尘器（布袋除尘）（ESP/FF）、湿法烟气脱硫系统（WFGD）等设备.提出了脱汞吸附剂处理问题,并对今后烟气脱汞技术的研究趋势进行了展望.     

Preparation and performance of arsenate (V) adsorbents derived from concrete wastes

Solid adsorbent materials, prepared from waste cement powder and concrete sludge were assessed for removal of arsenic in the form of arsenic (As(V)) from water. All the materials exhibited arsenic removal capacity when added to distilled water containing 10–700 mg/L arsenic. The arsenic removal isotherms were expressed by the Langmuir type equations, and the highest removal capacity was observed for the adsorbent prepared from concrete sludge with heat treatment at 105 °C, the maximum removal capacity being 175 mg-As(V)/g. Based on changes in arsenic and calcium ion concentrations, and solution pH, the removal mechanism for arsenic was considered to involve the precipitation of calcium arsenate, Ca₃(AsO₄)₂. The enhanced removal of arsenic for the adsorbent prepared from concrete sludge with heat treatment was thought to reflect ion exchange by ettringite. The prepared adsorbents, derived from waste cement and concrete using simple procedures, may offer a cost effective approach for arsenic removal and clean-up of contaminated waters, especially in developing countries.     

改进电动力技术去除铅锌矿尾砂中的重金属

采用改进的电动力技术去除铅锌矿尾砂中的Pb，Zn，Cu。研究了铅锌矿尾砂中重金属在改进电动力技术处理情况下的去除情况。实验结果表明，经过7d的电动力实验，Pb、Zn和Cu的总去除率分别为34％，33％，37％，其中酸溶态去除效果显著，分别达到66％，86％，81％。Pb和Cu的铁锰氧化物结合态去除率为39％和42％，其他形态去除率较低，在10％左右。     

Treatment of Stormwater using Fibre Filter Media

In this study, a high-rate fibre filter was used as a pre-treatment to stormwater in conjunction with in-line flocculation. The effect of operating the fibre filter with different packing densities (105, 115 and 125 kg/m³) and filtration velocities (20, 40, 60 m/h) with and without in-line flocculation was investigated. In-line flocculation was provided using 5, 10 and 15 mg/L of ferric chloride (FeCl₃·6H₂O). The filter performance was studied in terms of pressure drop (ΔP), solids removal efficiency, heavy metals (total) removal efficiency and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency. It is found that the use of in-line flocculation at a dose of 15 mg/L improved the performance of fibre filter as measured by turbidity removal (95%), total suspended solids reduction (98%), colour removal efficiency (99%), TOC removal (reduced by 30–40 %) and total coliform removal (93%). The modified fouling index reduced from 750–950 to 12 s/L² proving that fibre filter can be an excellent pre-treatment to membrane filtration that may be consider as post-treatment. The removal efficiency of heavy metal was variable as their concentration in raw water was small. Even though the concentration of some of these metals such as iron, aluminium, copper and zinc were reduced, others like nickel, chromium and cadmium showed lower removal rates.     

钢渣净化水中磷素的研究进展

在对国内外钢渣除磷研究现状进行总结的基础上，介绍了铜渣的组成及其物理、化学性质，并进一步阐述了其在除磷过程中涉及到的反应机理，提出了钢渣应用于含磷废水处理时存在的问题及今后的研究发展方向。     

臭氧氧化—钙法吸收工艺对烟气的同步脱硫脱硝

针对中国石化镇海炼化乙烯动力锅炉烟气的特点,进行烟气模拟,采用臭氧氧化—钙法吸收同时脱硫脱硝工艺处理模拟烟气。实验对比了单独脱硫和脱硝过程与同时脱硫脱硝工艺的脱硫、脱硝效果,探究了烟气在反应器中的停留时间、臭氧投加量和烟气含氧量对SO₂去除率和NO_x去除率的影响。实验结果表明：SO₂和NO的共存可促进污染物的去除;烟气停留时间延长,SO₂去除率提高,NO_x去除率先升高后降低;臭氧与NO摩尔比增加,NO_x去除率提高,SO₂去除率略有降低。综合考虑选择烟气停留时间3.4 s,烟气含氧量12%（φ）,臭氧与NO摩尔比0.7,在此工艺条件下反应70 min,NO_x去除率为73.8%,SO₂去除率为74.1%。     

铁盐沉淀-絮凝法处理矿山低浓度含砷废水

采用铁盐沉淀-絮凝法处理某矿山低浓度含砷废水,研究了沉淀剂种类、铁与砷的摩尔比(铁砷比)、砷的价态、反应pH以及添加高分子絮凝剂对除砷效果的影响。与其他铁盐沉淀剂(聚合硫酸铁、氯化铁)相比,高铁酸钾具有优异的除砷性能。铁盐对砷(Ⅲ)的去除率明显低于砷(Ⅴ)。砷去除率随铁砷比的增大而提高。反应pH对除砷效果影响显著。以高铁酸钾为砷沉淀剂,在铁砷比为12∶1、反应pH为5~7、聚丙烯酰胺投加量为0.5~1.0 mg/L的最适条件下,废水的砷去除率达98%以上。处理后出水中砷质量浓度低于0.05 mg/L,达到GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类水质标准。