有机废水处理装置

该发明提供了一套处理有机废水的装置，依次为厌氧生物反应器、好氧生物反应器、膜分离反应器。该装置能通过生物处理过程去除水中的有机污染物，并用膜将固体与液体彻底分离。用该装置处理有机废水，可有效去除有机污染物、避免膜表面的结垢和剥落等问题，并可降低成本、提高效率。     

生物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

重金属污染土壤的生物修复是一种环境友好型的污染治理技术，是利用生物体将重金属降解、富集、转移而恢复土壤生态功能的过程。综述了植物修复（植物体内降解、植物根系钝化、植物吸收富集、植物气化）、微生物修复、动物修复等技术的研究进展，分析了生物修复技术在实际应用中存在的问题，并展望了研究方向。     

生物过滤法去除空气中的甲醛

采用生物过滤法处理甲醛废气,研究了填料类型、填料厚度及植物(吊兰)根系对甲醛去除效果的影响。实验结果表明:采用有机土壤、陶粒和蛭石末的混合材料为生物过滤塔的填料时,甲醛去除率高于以普通土壤为填料;当甲醛进口质量浓度为0~0.300g/m3、混合材料厚度为100mm时,处理后出口甲醛质量浓度为0~0.003g/m3,低于GB/T16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》排放标准(0.03g/m3);当混合材料厚度为100mm时,距离吊兰根系(水平距离)100mm处的甲醛质量浓度最小,表明吊兰根系对生物过滤塔的甲醛去除效果有影响。     

半饱和褐煤活性焦预吸附—4级固定化生物滤池降解—褐煤活性焦吸附组合工艺处理超稠油废水

采用半饱和褐煤活性焦(HSLAC)预吸附—4级固定化生物滤池(I-BFs)降解—褐煤活性焦(LAC)吸附组合工艺处理超稠油废水。实验结果表明:组合工艺能达到出水COD≤50 mg/L的排放标准;4级I-BFs可完全去除有机酸、酯、呋喃类有机物,部分去除酚类物质,不能去除酰胺类物质,可将大分子有机物降解为小分子烷烃;I-BFs对疏水性有机碳和中性有机物有较高的去除率和去除量,较难去除腐殖质和腐殖质降解产物;4级I-BFs反应器内优势菌为类杆菌(Bacteroides sp.)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)、异养反硝化菌(Thermomonassp.)、鞘脂单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae sp.)、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)和根瘤菌(Rhizobium sp.)。     

BAF低温挂膜的影响因素分析

在低温条件下对曝气生物滤池(BAF)的挂膜进行了研究,考察了温度对曝气生物滤池挂膜的影响.结果表明,水温是低温挂膜的重要影响因素,低温条件下挂膜应采取保温措施,防止管路冻结,且对进水加热升温以促进微生物的生长.对挂膜期间曝气生物滤池去除有机物和NH3-N的情况进行了分析.     

水稻秸秆生物炭-过硫酸盐去除水中p-硝基酚

以水稻秸秆为原料制备了多种生物炭,运用BET和FTIR等技术对其进行了表征,研究了生物炭-过硫酸盐体系对水中p-硝基酚的去除效果。与热解温度和时间相比,供氧量对生物炭活化过硫酸盐性能的影响更为显著,足氧条件下的活化性能显著降低;500℃缺氧条件下热解1 h制备的生物炭(RS500-1)对过硫酸盐具有良好的活化性能,可以实现p-硝基酚的高效去除,生物炭与过硫酸盐之间存在显著的协同作用。初始溶液pH和反应温度对p-硝基酚的去除效果影响很小;在RS500-1投加量1.0 g/L、过硫酸盐投加量5 mmol/L、反应温度25℃、不调节初始溶液pH的优化条件下,240 min时p-硝基酚的去除率可达70%以上。     

低pH生物滤池处理甲苯废气

采用低pH生物滤池处理甲苯废气。实验结果表明,低pH生物滤池对甲苯有较好的去除效果,当甲苯废气进气流量为420L/h、进气甲苯质量浓度为200~700mg/m3时,稳定运行阶段,甲苯平均去除效率在98%以上,出气甲苯质量浓度为0~30mg/m3。低pH生物滤池中,CO2的产生量与甲苯降解量的比(物质的量比)为2.60,小于理论值3.35。经过长时间运行,低pH生物滤池内的优势微生物由刚开始接种时的以异养细菌为主演变为真菌为主,优势真菌菌株分别属于白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)、产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)和黑曲霉(As-pergillus niger)。优势异养细菌为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。     

荷兰的烟气生物脱硫工艺

烟气中的SO2通过水膜除尘器或吸收塔溶解于水并转化为亚硫酸盐、硫酸盐；在厌氧环境及有外加碳源的条件下，硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)将亚硫酸盐、硫酸盐还原成硫化物；然后再在好氧的条件下通过好氧微生物的作用将硫化物转化为单质硫，从而将硫从系统中去除。可以将烟气生物脱硫过程划分为两个阶段，即SO2的吸收过程和含硫吸收液的生物脱硫过程。     

用生物填料塔处理三甲胺废气

为解决废气中有机胺类物质的恶臭污染问题,采用自制生物填料塔处理三甲胺废气,考察了生物填料塔运行的主要影响因素及对三甲胺废气的净化效果。实验结果表明,在进气中三甲胺质量浓度为80.00mg/m3、气体流量为0.3m3/h(停留时间不小于30s)、循环液喷淋密度为0.5m3/(m2.h)的条件下,三甲胺去除率达99.9%,净化后气体能达到国家二级排放标准;生物填料塔对三甲胺的总去除量与容积负荷呈直线关系,相关系数达0.9949,表明三甲胺废气的生物净化效果显著。     

生物炭负载纳米铁镍双金属去除水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷

以小麦秸秆为原料制备生物炭,再通过液相还原法制备了生物炭负载纳米铁镍双金属材料(Ni/Fe/BC),运用FTIR,SEM,XRD技术进行了表征,并将该材料用于水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷(TCA)的去除。表征结果显示,生物炭具有良好的空隙结构和较大的比表面积,能有效负载纳米铁镍双金属,防止纳米铁镍双金属颗粒的团聚。实验结果表明:Ni/Fe/BC的最佳制备条件为生物炭、Fe、Ni的质量比1∶1∶0.01;在TCA质量浓度200 mg/L、Fe加入量1 g/L的条件下,反应60 min时,Ni/Fe/BC对TCA的去除率达99.2%,与未经生物炭负载时的39.1%相比显著提高;生物炭通过吸附TCA使TCA与双金属的接触增多,而铁腐蚀产生的氢被吸附在镍金属表面形成活性氢自由基,促进了TCA的去除。     

超滤膜系统污染物的形貌及组成分析

通过SEM、能谱、FTIR以及电感耦合等离子体质谱的分析方法对被污染超滤膜面的无机污染物、有机污染物和微生物进行了识别和分析。研究结果表明:超滤膜面无机污染物主要为Fe(OH)3、Cu(OH)2、Al(OH)3和Si等胶体物和少量CaSO4;有机污染物主要为多菌霉素类化合物;微生物可能富含铁类化合物。同时污染膜的清洗液分析结果说明该超滤膜污染物主要为无机胶体和有机物。     

次氯酸钠氧化预处理草甘膦生产废水

利用次氯酸钠对草甘膦生产废水进行预处理，废水ｐＨ对处理效果影响不大，可将次氯酸钠直接投入到原碱性废水中，在其用量相当理论量的４０％、氧化时间为４ｈ时，草甘膦的去除率为９８％。预处理后的废水对厌氧消化过程不再产生抑制作用。     

人工湿地构造及生物因素研究进展

介绍了近10年报道的不同构造人工湿地（CW）的污水处理性能及CW中微生物、植物、动物的相关研究进展。分析了各种CW构造优缺点、CW与其他技术的结合、CW微生物群落的特征、影响因素和研究手段、CW植物与动物对CW处理性能的贡献及作用机制。提出今后应重点研究：复合人工湿地（ICW）工艺优化;CW强化技术及其参数;CW微生物群落动力学;超富集植物筛选及植物根系作用;耐受性动物筛选驯化、动物与植物及微生物的协同作用机制。     

Ce3+对好氧颗粒污泥培养的影响

研究了Ce3+对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响。实验结果表明:在Ce3+质量浓度为10.0mg/L时，Ce3+对微生物的刺激作用最大，对改善污泥性能具有明显的促进作用;运行45d后，投加Ce3+的SBR的COD去除率和未投加Ce3+的SBR的COD去除率分别为97.5%和95.3%，TP去除率分别为95.6%和62.3%，TN去除率相差不大，均高于76.0%。     

The effect of media changes on the rate of cellulose solubilisation by rumen and digester derived microbial communities

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rumen fluid and leachate-based media on the ability of rumen and anaerobic digester derived microorganisms to degrade cellulose. The results demonstrated that rumen microorganisms are not capable of solubilising cellulose, or generating biomass, at an optimal rate when grown in leachate-based media when compared to the rates achieved when grown in rumen-based media. In contrast, the rate of biomass generation and cellulose solubilisation by digester microorganisms was not strongly affected by a change in media type. Several authors have theorised that cellulose degradation rates in anaerobic digesters can be increased by inoculation with rumen-derived microorganisms. The results from this study show that this approach is unlikely to be successful, because the rumen microorganisms would likely be unable to solubilise and out-compete native solid waste microorganisms for the cellulose in a foreign (leachate based) medium.     

Degradation of Polycaprolactone Modified with TPS or CaCO3 in Biotic/Abiotic Seawater

This paper is an investigation of the polymer degradation process in two types of seawater (with and without microorganisms) sourced from the Baltic Sea. The chosen polymeric materials were polycaprolactone modified with either thermoplastic starch (PCL/TPS?>?85%) or calcium carbonate (60% PCL/40% CaCO₃) compared directly against unmodified polycaprolactone. All samples were incubated for 28?weeks in seawater with and without microorganisms under laboratory conditions and analysed before and after the degradation process. Weight loss analysis, microscopic observations of polymer surfaces and tensile strength tests were used to determine the progress of polymer degradation. The experimental results obtained indicated, that in each of the experiments, degradation of tested polymeric samples occured. The process was more effective in seawater with microorganisms compared against systems without added microorganisms. The experiment in seawater demonstrated that modification of PCL with calcium carbonate did not encourage the degradation process; and in some circumstances inhibited it.     

Distribution of Poly(β-propiolactone) Aerobic Degrading Microorganisms in Different Environments

The distribution of degading microorganisms of high molecular weight poly(-propiolactone) (PPL), whose individual structural units are similar to those of poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(€-caprolactone) (PCL), was examined. Despite the fact that PPL is a chemosynthetic polymer, many kinds of PPL-degrading microorganisms were found to be distributed as resident populations widely in natural environments. A total of 77 strains of PPL-degrading microorganisms was isolated. From standard physiological and biochemical tests, at least 41 strains were referred to as Bacillus species. Microbial degradation of fibrous PPL proceeded rapidly in some enrichment cultures but was not as complete as that of PHB. Most of the isolated PPL-degrading microorganisms were determined to be PCL degraders and/or PHB degraders. Therefore, it can be assumed that mostly PPL is recognized by the microorganisms as PHB or another natural substrate of the same type as which PCL is regarded. Microbial degradation of PPL was confirmed by some Bacillus strains from type culture collections. The similarity of microbial degradation between PPL and PCL was found to be very close.     

微量营养物质影响活性污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的研究进展

针对工业废水难生物降解的问题,综述了通过添加微量营养物质影响活性污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的研究进展,介绍了微量营养物质的分类,总结了微量金属元素和维生素等不同种类微量营养物质及其适宜浓度对微生物生长的作用以及对污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的影响。指出:补充必要的微量营养物质是提高难降解工业废水处理效果的可行的优化策略,但是需要针对工业废水可生化性和营养需求的特点有的放矢地进行补充;另外需要对各种微量营养物质促进污染物降解的代谢途径进行研究。     

Degradation of L- and DL-lactic acid oligomers in the presence ofFusarium moniliforme andPseudomonas putida

Poly(-alkanoates) derived from lactic acid enantiomers are known to degrade easily hydrolytically in aqueous media. The ability of two microorganisms, a filamentous fungus,Fusarium moniliforme, and a bacterium,Pseudomonas putida, to assimilate the degradation by-products of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), namely, lactic acid, lactyllactic acid dimers, and higher oligomers, was investigated in liquid culture. To distinguish the influence of chirality on bioassimilation, two series of substrates were considered which derived from the racemic and the L-form of lactic acid, respectively. The fate of these compounds was monitored by HPLC. Under the selected conditions,DL- andL-lactic acids were totally used by the two microorganisms regardless of the enantiomeric composition. Both microorganisms degraded the LL-dimer rather rapidly. However,F. moniliforme acted more rapidly thanP. putida. It is likely that the DD-dimer also biodegraded but at a slower rate, especially in the case of the fungi. Higher racemic oligomers were slowly assimilated by the two microorganisms, whereas higher L-oligomers appeared biostable probably because of their crystallinity. A synergistic effect was observed when both microorganisms were present in the same culture medium containing racemic oligomers.Presented at the 4th International Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, October 11–14, 1995. Durham, New Hampshire.     

Distribution of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ε-caprolactone)aerobic degrading microorganisms in different environments

To assess the capacity of the natural environment for degrading plastics, the populations of poly(-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB)-and poly(-caprolactone)(PCL)-degrading aerobic microorganisms and their ratios to the total number of microorganisms in soil samples were estimated by the plate count method with agar medium containing emulsified PHB or PCL. The numbers of the degrading microorganisms were determined by counting colonies that formed clear zones on the plate. It was found that PHB- and PCL-degrading (depolymerizing) microorganisms are distributed over many kinds of material, including landfill leachate, compost, sewage sludge, forest soil, farm soil, paddy soil, weed field soil, roadside sand, and pond sediment. Of total colony counts, the percentages of PHB and PCL degrading microorganisms were 0.2–11.4 and 0.8–11.0%, respectively. The results suggest that many kinds of degrading microorganisms are present in each environment and that specific consortia differing in biodegradation capacity are constructed.