新型环境测试舱研制、性能评价及释放模拟

研制了一种新型环境测试舱，此舱系统可用于研究室内材料中挥发性有机物（VOCs）释放特征和释放机理。详细介绍舱的设计，讨论舱系统的优缺点，并对舱的性能进行评价测试。结果表明，温度和相对湿度的准确性分别为≤0.5℃和≤ 3.1%，空气混合水平达到92.9%，回收率达到85.2%。根据回收率实验结果，用经验模型和VB模型模拟对二氯苯（p-DCB）释放，模拟结果与实测值吻合很好。     

发光细菌法在水质综合毒性在线检测中的应用

以海洋发光细菌费氏弧菌（Vibriofischeri）作为检测生物，采用冻干菌粉快速复苏技术，研究费氏弧菌在水质检测中的最佳测试温度和有效性测试条件，并对硫酸锌等多种毒物和几种实际水样进行发光抑制作用分析。研究表明，费氏弧菌冻干粉复苏菌液保存在2～5℃条件下能有效测试7d，最佳测试温度为15℃，最佳测试时间为15min。氯化汞、硫酸锌、硫酸镉等重金属和苯胺、多菌灵、甲醛等有机毒物对费氏弧菌均具有较强的光抑制作用，也即费氏弧菌对以上毒物较为敏感，并能够连续7d保持对同一浓度硫酸锌的敏感性较为一致。对几种实际水样的测试和分析表明，以费氏弧菌为指示生物的发光细菌法能够应用于水质环境安全的综合毒性在线监测预警中。     

自配消解液分光光度法测定污水中的COD

以自配消解液代替ThermoFisher公司AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液，比较了自配消解液分光光度法与国家标准重铬酸钾法(GB 11914-1989)测定化学需氧量(COD)的差异。对比试验表明，自配消解液分光光度法测定COD的结果精确度和准确度高，与国家标准方法无显著性差异。自配消解液分光光度法测定水样COD值的相对标准偏差;低量程(30～150 mg/L)为1.38%～2.53%，中量程(0～1 500 mg/L)为0.47%～3.63%，高量程（2 000～15 000 mg/L）为0.17%～3.53%，在国家标准方法测试水样COD值的允许误差范围内。除制革废水外，自配消解液可以代替AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液，适用不同量程范围内污水COD的测定。自配消解液分光光度法具有试剂使用量少、速度快、经济、二次污染小等优点，值得在环境科学领域及废水水质监测中推广应用。     

氨氮水样的稳定性试验

对采集于聚乙烯塑料瓶内的氨氮地表水样，应立即加入盐酸，使pH值≤2进行现场固定，分别于2～5℃恒温冷藏保存，与20．28℃室温保存，每隔48h检测，连续检测一个月。检测结果统计表明，两种保存方法的测试结果基本一致，氨氮水样在一个月内的检测值基本恒定，水样表现稳定。     

正十六烷微生物吸附降解的荧光显微研究

使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（CLSM）系统，以罗丹明123（Rhodamine123）为荧光探针，定量研究了石油组分正十六烷在石油降解菌（大庆油田石油污染土壤中的优势菌种，革兰氏阴性G^-、黄杆菌属Flavobacterium）细胞膜上的吸附降解动态变化过程。研究发现：微生物培养体系加入正十六烷120s后，正十六烷在菌株膜上的浓度变化在不断增大，呈现出不规则的锯齿状攀升；在攀升过程中，峰谷之间出现明显有“节奏”的振荡传递；在0～508内，正十六烷处于吸附运输的加速阶段；在50—120s内，正十六烷不断被吸附并累积于细胞膜表面，处于吸附积累阶段，使用幂指数定律建立该微生物膜上的正十六烷的动力学方程，确定其动力学级数为2级，微生物降解正十六烷的速率常数为6×e^-5。     

在线超声作用下流化床膜生物反应器的膜污染机制

在流化床膜生物反应器中引用在线超声技术来控制膜污染，考察了在线超声对污泥混合液特性的影响，探讨了在线超声作用下的膜污染机制。结果表明：在线超声流化床膜生物反应器的跨膜压差（TMP）增长速度明显慢于普通流化床膜生物反应器，可延长膜清洗周期约51％。在线超声作用下，污泥平均粒径降低约70μm，污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）含量增加（14±5）mg／g，混合液溶解性微生物产物（SMP）有所降低；同时，在线超声使得污泥浓度和混合液粘度降低，从而改善了混合液的过滤性，有助于膜污染的控制。分析表明，在线超声能够减少膜表面不可逆污染的发生，膜的主要污染机制为泥饼层污染。     

曝气强度对城市污泥重金属生物沥滤过程的影响研究

以氧化亚铁作为底物，氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Thiobacillusferrooxidans）为主要沥滤微生物，在底物投配比为10 g/L，温度为25℃，污泥浓度为123g/L的条件下，采用5种不同曝气强度对桂林城市污泥中重金属进行生物沥滤试验。结果表明，生物沥滤的经济曝气强度宜控制在每升污泥0.4L/（min·L），沥滤3 d后，污泥中超标元素Cu、Zn和Cd的去除率分别达到62.53%、67.80%和54.63%，沥滤处理后污泥中残余重金属含量符合污泥农用的国家标准。     

不同污泥浓度对生物沥滤过程的影响

以硫酸亚铁盐作为底物，氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Thiobacillus ferrooxidans）为主要沥滤微生物，在底物投配比为10 g/L，温度为25℃，曝气量为1 L/min的条件下，对5种不同浓度的桂林城市污泥中重金属进行生物沥滤试验。结果表明，生物沥滤的污泥浓度宜控制在25.6 g/L，沥滤3 d后，污泥中超标元素Cu、Zn和Cd的去除率分别达到58.17%、75.90%和93.64%，沥滤处理后污泥中残余重金属含量符合污泥农用的国家标准。     

铜离子对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响

接种厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）污泥，通过序批式实验研究了Cu^2＋对Anammox脱氮效能的影响。实验结果表明，当溶液中Cu^2＋≤1mg／L时，对Anammox生物系统有刺激作用，可增强微生物活性，促进Anammox反应的进行：1mg／L〈Cu^2＋≤101iltg／L对脱氮效能无明显抑制，脱氮系统处于稳定状态；Cu^2＋〉10mg／L对Anammox脱氮效能有抑制作用，Cu^2＋浓度越大，毒性越强，抑制现象越明显。Cu^2＋对Anammox菌的半抑制浓度（C1,50）为23mg／L。实验结果还表明，Anam—mox污泥对Cu^2＋具有吸附能力，经过一段时间后固液相将处于一种动态平衡。Cu^2＋为1mg／L时最大氮去除速率能达到Cu^2＋浓度为0mg／L时的3倍。     

浑浊度对总氮测定影响的探讨

依据国家标准方法：碱性过硫酸钾-紫外分光光度法（GB1189—89）检测地表水中的总氮，通过实验分析发现，水样的浑浊度对波长在275nm处的吸光度值有严重影响，消解降低水样的浑浊度后，会使275nm处的吸光度值下降。     

Semi-specific Microbacterium phyllosphaerae-based microbial sensor for biochemical oxygen demand measurements in dairy wastewater

Although the long incubation time of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₇) measurements has been addressed by the use of microbial biosensors, the resulting sensor-BOD values gained from the measurements with specific industrial wastewaters still underestimates the BOD value of such samples. This research aims to provide fast and more accurate BOD measurements in the dairy wastewater samples. Unlike municipal wastewater, wastewater from the dairy industry contains many substrates that are not easily accessible to a majority of microorganisms. Therefore, a bacterial culture, Microbacterium phyllosphaerae, isolated from dairy wastewater was used to construct a semi-specific microbial biosensor. A universal microbial biosensor based on Pseudomonas fluorescens, which has a wide substrate spectrum but is nonspecific to dairy wastewater, was used as a comparison. BOD biosensors were calibrated with OECD synthetic wastewater, and experiments with different synthetic and actual wastewater samples were carried out. Results show that the semi-specific M. phyllosphaerae-based microbial biosensor is more sensitive towards wastewaters that contain milk derivates and butter whey than the P. fluorescens-based biosensor. Although the M. phyllosphaerae biosensor underestimates the BOD₇ value of actual dairy wastewaters by 25–32 %, this bacterial culture is more suitable for BOD monitoring in dairy wastewater than P. fluorescens, which underestimated the same samples by 46–61 %.     

废水可生物降解COD组分2种表征方法的比较

利用自行开发的混合呼吸速率测量仪在接种污泥的条件下对重庆某城市污水处理厂污水进行了呼吸速率测试（短期BOD测试，以呼吸速率测量重新进入内源呼吸阶段为结束）；同时应用美国产BI-2000电解质呼吸仪在不接种污泥的条件下对该污水进行了BOD测试（长期BOD测试，理论上以污水中所有有机物矿化为结束）。对2种测试方法及其结果进行了比较，结果表明，2种方法得到的BCOD存在很大差异，短期BOD测试方法得到的结果仅为长期BOD测试方法得到的结果的40％～60％。通过批式呼吸测量方法测定了原废水中的活性异养微生物浓度XH(0)，结果表明，XH(0)与BCOD_st之和与BCOD_lt比较接近，两者之比在0.88～1.02之间，平均值为0.94。     

Preparation of biofilm electrode with Xanthomonas sp. and carbon nanotubes and the application to rapid biochemical oxygen demand analysis in high-salt condition

A Xanthomonas sp. was isolated from the sludge on the drain outlet of a pharmaceutical factory. Then, the bacterium and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were co-attached to an oxygen electrode for rapid analysis of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The response current was linear with BOD values in the range 10 to 300 mg/L for standard BOD solution with a response time of 35 seconds (R = 0.9994) and 20 to 580 mg/L for pharmaceutical wastewater with a response time < or =200 seconds (R = 0.9985), which means that this modified electrode might be used for online BOD analysis of pharmaceutical wastewater. Further studies revealed that the modified electrode can be used for BOD measurement in a high-salt condition. Also, the bacterium/CNTs biofilm can maintain its activity and good performance, even after being sealed and stored at 4 degrees C for 50 days.     

Online biochemical oxygen demand monitoring for wastewater process control--full-scale studies at Los Angeles Glendale wastewater plant, California.

The main objective of this investigation is to determine whether or not it would be feasible to use the measured values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of wastewater obtained by an online instrument at the Los Angeles/Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (California) for controlling its activated sludge process. This investigation is part of a project to develop online BOD monitoring for process control in the City of Los Angeles wastewater treatment plants. Tests studied the Siepmann und Teutscher GmbH (ISCO-STIP Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska) BIOX-1010, which uses a bioreactor containing a culture of microbes from the wastewater to measure soluble BOD in 2 minutes. This rapid approximation to the operation of secondary treatment allows anticipation of system response. Calibration measurements allow the operators to find a conversion factor for the instrument's microprocessor to compute values of BOD that agree well with the standard 5-day BOD (BOD5) measurement, despite the differences in the details of the two testing methods. This instrument has recently been used at other wastewater treatment plants, at a number of airports in Europe and the United States to monitor runway runoff, and is also being used on waste streams at an increasing number of food processing plants. A comparison was made between the plant influent BOD values obtained by the BIOX-1010 online monitor from the end of August, 2000, to late January, 2001, and the individual and average values obtained for the same period using the standard BOD5, 20 degrees C test, to determine the effectiveness of the Biox-1010 to identify shock loads and their duration. Individual BOD estimates and averages over periods of overly high biological loads (shock loads) were compared, and the instrument readings were evaluated for their effectiveness in detecting shock loads. The results were highly satisfactory, so the instrument was used to trigger a shock-load warning alarm since late September, 2000. This allowed flow diversion and temporary storage to prevent process upsets.     

Applying Kohonen self-organizing map as a software sensor to predict biochemical oxygen demand.

The 5 days at 20 degrees C biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is an important parameter for monitoring organic pollution in water and assessing the biotreatability of wastewater. Moreover, BOD5 is used for wastewater treatment plant discharge consents and other water pollution control purposes. However, the traditional bioassay method for estimating the BOD5 involves the incubation of sample water for 5 days. It follows that BOD5 is not available for real-time decisionmaking and process control purposes. On the other hand, previous efforts to solve this problem by developing more rapid biosensors had limited success. This paper reports on the development of Kohonen self-organizing map (KSOM)-based software sensors for the rapid prediction of BOD5. The findings indicate that the KSOM-based BOD5 estimates were in good agreement with those measured using the conventional bioassay method. This offers significant potential for more timely intervention and cost savings during problem diagnosis in water and wastewater treatment processes.     

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor system for swine wastewater treatment

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was evaluated for its ability to remove carbon and nitrogen from swine wastewater. The SBR was operated on four, six-hour cycles each day, with each cycle consisting of 4.5 hours of "React," 0.75 hours of "Settling", 0.75 hours for "Draw" and "Fill." Within each cycle, an amount of wastewater equivalent to about 5% of the reactor volume (5,500 litres) was removed and added. The SBR system was able to remove 82% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and more than 75% of nitrogen. Even though the SBR effluent, with an average effluent BOD5 of about 588 mg L(-1), did not meet the discharge criteria, it enabled a reduction of the land base required for land application of swine wastewater by about 75%. Results indicated that the SBR system was a viable method for the treatment of swine wastewater.     

新型BOD微生物传感流动注射检测仪的研制

研制采用微生物传感技术和流动分析技术来快速测定BOD的仪器。主要技术性能:测量周期为15min;误差率<5%;偏差<5%。通过对国家标准样品和不同水质污水的测试表明,其具有自动化程度高,测量周期短的优点;准确度、稳定性均达到国家标准;且具有良好的适应性。     

Aerobic Treatment of a Nitrogen-Limited Chemical Process Waste water

Abstract

Nitrogen transformations and their effect on aerobic suspended growth treatment of an industrial wastewater were studied in three parallel bench-scale reactors operated at 5 "C at mean cell residence times (MCRT) of 15, 30, and 60 days. In normal process wastewater, the bulk of influent nitrogen was in organic form, and the fraction transformed was almost totally incorporated into synthesized biomass. Assimilative control by heterotrophs maintained ammonianitrogen levels below permitted effluent levels, and nitrification was not significant. Although volatile suspended solids had a nitrogen content of only 5% to 8%, effective organics removal was maintained, and total organic carbon and filtered daily average five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODS) were below permitted effluent levels. A marked improvement in settleability and lower effluent total suspended solids was achieved by adding ammonia-nitrogen to the wastewater in excess of stoichiometric growth requirements.

During a batch production cycle of a cationic chemical, the ratio of nitrogen to chemical oxygen demand and the fraction of the total influent nitrogen in soluble form increased in the wastewater. Reactor effluent ammonia levels increased to above permit levels at all three MCRTs during treatment of wastewater containing cationic production effluents. The magnitude of ammonia increase was greater for longer MCRTs, suggesting that synthesis of cell mass was not capable of assimilating the increased ammonia supply under these non-steady conditions. The experimental results suggest several potential strategies for operating the aerobic process at the treatment facility, including adding nitrogen to improve settleability and discontinuing these additions when wastewater contains a high ratio of nitrogen to chemical oxygen demand and an elevated soluble nitrogen fraction     

Constructed treatment wetland: a study of eight plant species under saline conditions

A series of investigations was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using constructed treatment wetlands to remove pollutants from saline wastewater. Eight emergent plants; cattail, sedge, water grass, Asia crabgrass, salt meadow cordgrass, kallar grass, vetiver grass and Amazon, were planted in experimental plots and fed with municipal wastewater that was spiked with sodium chloride (NaCl) to simulate a saline concentration of approximately 14-16 mScm-1. All macrophytes were found tolerant under the tested conditions except Amazon and vetiver grass. Nutrient assimilation of salt tolerant species was in the range of 0.006-0.061 and 0.0002-0.0024 gm-2d-1 for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Treatment performances of planted units were found to be 72.4-78.9% for BOD5, 43.2-56.0% for SS, 67.4-76.5% for NH3-N and 28.9-44.9% for TP. The most satisfactory plant growth and nitrogen assimilation were found for cattail (Typha angustifolia) though the plant growth was limited, whereas Asia crabgrass (Digitaria bicornis) was superior for BOD5 removal. Both were evaluated again in a continuous flow constructed wetland system receiving saline feed processing wastewater. A high removal rate regularly occurred in long-term operating conditions. The reduction in BOD5, SS, NH3-N and TP was in the range of 44.4-67.9%, 41.4-70.4%, 18.0-65.3% and 12.2-40.5%, respectively. Asia crabgrass often provided higher removal especially for BOD5 and SS removal. Nutrient enriched wastewater promoted flourishing growth of algae and plankton in the surface flow system, which tended to reduce treatment performance.     

Decolorization and biodegradability of photocatalytic treated azo dyes and wool textile wastewater

The photodegradation and biodegradability have been investigated for four non-biodegradable commercial azo dyes, Reactive YellowKD-3G, Reactive Red 15, Reactive Red 24, Cationic Blue X-GRL, an indicator. Methyl Orange, and one industrial wool textile wastewater, using TiO2 suspensions irradiated with a medium pressure mercury lamp. The color removal of dyes solution and dyeing wastewater reached to above 90% within 20-30 min. of photocatalytic treatment. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was found to increase, while chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) decreased, so that the ratio of BOD5/COD of the wastewater increased from original zero up to 0.75. The result implies that photocatalytic oxidation enhanced the biodegradability of the dye-containing wastewater and therefore relationship between decolorization and biodegradability exists. When the color disappeared completely, the wastewater biodegraded normally and could be discharged for further treatment. The experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to combine photocatalysis with conventional biological treatment for the remedy of wastewater containing generally non-biodegradable azo dyes.