移动床生物膜反应器—膜生物反应器深度处理模拟废水及工业园区综合废水

将移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)与膜生物反应器(MBR)有机结合,研究了该MBBR—MBR串联系统在水力停留时间(HRT)为17.50、11.75h条件下的脱碳脱氮的效果以及对工业园区综合废水污染物的去除情况。结果表明:(1)MBBR—MBR串联系统脱碳脱氮的效果良好,HRT的改变对系统的去除效果有一定的影响,随着总HRT由17.50h变为11.75h,模拟废水中COD的去除效果降低,但氨氮、硝态氮和TN的去除效果基本不受影响。(2)MBBR—MBR串联系统处理印染工业园区综合废水也有较好的效果,当进水COD、氨氮分别为150~450、20~40mg/L时,出水COD、氨氮平均分别为53.1、1.8mg/L,MBBR—MBR串联系统对COD、氨氮的去除率平均分别为80.4%、93.1%,但系统对TN的去除效果不是很理想。     

侧沟式膜泥法一体化OCO工艺中水力停留时间对脱氮除碳的影响

在传统OCO工艺基础上设计了一体化OCO工艺，在厌氧区放置填料，将二沉池和生物反应器合建，并就水力停留时间(HRT)对生物反应器脱氮除碳的影响进行研究。在进水COD为260～360 mg/L，好氧区DO为2 mg/L左右，缺氧区<0.5 mg/L，MLSS为4 500 mg/L左右时，分别研究了不同HRT下的脱氮除碳效果。研究结果表明：随着HRT的逐渐增大，出水COD值无明显波动，COD去除率达到90%以上，出水氨氮随着HRT的增大而降低；但仅当HRT为12 h左右时，氨氮和总氮均有良好的去除效果，去除率分别可达到93%和80%。     

倒置AAO-MBR处理黑水

针对黑水污染物浓度高、悬浮成分多、碳氮磷比例失调等问题,小试条件下探索了采用倒置AAO-MBR工艺处理黑水的技术可行性,开展了水温、水力停留时间、外加碳源和溶解氧对主要污染物去除的影响。结果表明:冬季低温、HRT为42 h与夏秋季HRT为31 h的除污效果相近,出水的COD、氨氮、TN分别为110、26.7和104.5 mg·L~(-1);碱度是影响氨氮去除效率的最主要因素;HRT为31 h条件下,未加外碳源(C/N为3.14)时,COD、氨氮、TN平均去除率分别为83.8%、88.2%和52.9%,磷酸盐没有去除效果;外加碳源至C/N为4.63,COD、氨氮、TN和磷酸盐的平均去除率分别提高到93.4%、98.1%、91.3%和20.7%;随着运行时间的延长,MBR出水COD呈下降趋势,平均达到56 mg·L~(-1),达到一级B排放标准;好氧区的DO控制0.2~0.4 mg·L~(-1)时生物脱氮效率较佳。     

微电解强化微生物菌种对高氨氮低碳氮比黑臭水的脱氮研究

针对高氨氮低碳氮比(C/N)黑臭水进行脱氮研究，通过硝化菌和反硝化菌共同作用，并在后期耦合铁碳微电解(IC-ME)强化脱氮。单因素控制变量实验表明，硝化菌和反硝化菌在30℃硝化/反硝化效果较优，平均氨氮去除率为71.62%,硝态氮去除率可达到67.52%;在溶解氧(DO)为3 mg/L时硝化效果较好，平均氨氮去除率达到了70.08%;在后期投加150 g/L铁碳填料时，反硝化效果最好，2#和3#反应器硝态氮去除率最高分别提高到了81.78%和91.17%。长时间运行反应器后，氨氮去除负荷达到0.193 kg/(m³·d),化学需氧量(COD)去除负荷达到1.786 kg/(m³·d)。单独的微生物菌种针对高氨氮低C/N黑臭水脱氮还有一定的局限性，通过后期耦合IC-ME,脱氮效率明显提升，总氮(TN)去除率可从45.65%提升到58.91%。     

A/O膜生物反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水试验研究

对A/O膜生物反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水进行了研究,着重考察硝化液回流比和C/N对系统脱氮效能的影响.研究表明,当硝化液回流比为2、C/N为6时.系统对COD、氨氮、TN的平均去除率分别达96.17%、97.76%、76.29%;A/O膜生物反应器稳定运行期间,氨氮容积负荷去除量与进水氨氮容积负荷呈现良好的线性关系;当A/O膜生物反应器内MLSS稳定在9～13 g/L时,上清液COD较低,膜压差增长缓慢.     

MBBR处理猪场废水厌氧消化液的研究

采用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理猪场废水厌氧消化液,考察了水力停留时间(HRT),进水COD和NH3-N浓度对反应器处理效果的影响.结果表明,在温度为20～30℃,填料填充比为50%,进水COD和NH3-N浓度分别为1016 mg/L和496 mg/L条件下,当HRT为12.5 h时,COD和NH3-N去除率可分别达到62%和77%,猪场废水厌氧消化液中可生物降解性有机物基本得到去除,当HRT增至23.8 h时,COD和NH3-N去除率分别为64%和86%,出水COD和NH3-N浓度分别为368 mg/L和70 ms/L,均达到了<畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准>(GB18596-2001)的要求.     

高速泳动床对村镇微污染水体的预处理效果

利用高速泳动床反应器作为预处理装置处理村镇微污染水体,出水进入组合人工湿地。结果表明,实验阶段高速泳动床在HRT为1.2 h时,尽管泳动床进水各污染物浓度较低,但反应器对COD、TN和TP仍具有较明显(P<0.05)的去除效果,平均去除率分别为11.3%、14.6%和25.8%。高速泳动床反应器对氨氮去除效果尤为明显,去除率达到46.9%。此外,高速泳动床反应器内硝化作用较强,出水中硝态氮含量平均增加率为45.5%,弥补了后续人工湿地硝化作用不强、除氨氮效果不佳的缺点。     

硝化液循环比对DBF-BAF工艺处理焦化废水效能的影响

采用DBF-BAF工艺处理焦化废水,考察不同硝化液循环比条件下系统的脱氮除碳效果,通过分析循环比对各反应器内的氮赋存反应、COD去除特性的影响,探究其对DBF-BAF工艺处理焦化废水时脱氮除碳效能的影响机制。结果表明:适当增大循环比,有利于系统脱氮除碳,在300%的最佳循环比下,系统对COD、NH_4~+-N、有机氮和TN的平均去除率分别为87.57%、97.34%、99.18%和79.97%,出水NH_4~+-N稳定达到5.00 mg·L~(-1)以下;循环比通过改变各反应器进水COD、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、有机氮和DO浓度来影响其内的碳氧化反应和氮素的转化与去除,进而影响系统的脱氮除碳效能。     

曝气生物滤池多孔释碳填料的研制及其对氨氮废水的处理研究

以核桃壳、水泥、沸石为原料制备新型多孔释碳填料(WZ填料),并用其装填搭建曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理氨氮废水。结果表明:WZ填料中沸石∶核桃壳∶水泥的最佳配比(质量比)为1.00∶0.02∶0.30,制得的WZ填料比表面积大,适合微生物生长,可长时间稳定释碳,20d内的释碳量稳定保持在80mg/L左右,WZ填料有助于缩短BAF挂膜启动时间,延长水力停留时间(HRT)可提升BAF对污染物的去除效果,BAF对进水氨氮浓度适应范围较广,在进水氨氮为30～50mg/L时,BAF稳定运行期对氨氮的平均去除率达95%以上,COD平均去除率达76%左右。可见,WZ填料释碳量高且持久性强,有助于解决城市污水处理中反硝化碳源不足问题,提高脱氮效率。     

CAST工艺常规模式下脱氮性能研究

研究了有效容积为21.6 L的循环式活性污泥法反应器在常规模式下,处理模拟废水时,有机污染物和氮污染物的去除情况,并分析了反应器脱氮过程中的限制性因素。结果表明,在反应器的运行周期为4 h(进水曝气2 h,沉淀和排水各1 h)好氧区DO2 mg/L,污泥浓度MLSS稳定在4 000 mg/L时,污泥回流比为20%,COD和氨氮的去除率可达90%。对一个典型周期进行监测分析,氨氮去除彻底,出水主要是硝态氮,总氮去除率约为69%。静态试验测得氨氮氧化速率为8.0 mg NH4+-N/(g MLSS.h),硝态氮生成速率为3.3 mg NO3--N/(g MLSS.h)。从实验结果可以分析出,在上面运行条件下CAST工艺脱氮限制性因素是回流比和污泥龄。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。