水源水库沉积物间隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量

为了阐明水源水库沉积物营养盐释放对水体富营养化的贡献,以周村水库为研究对象,探讨沉积物间隙水中氮、磷营养盐的分布特征,同时采用Fick第一定律对沉积物-水界面营养盐的扩散通量进行了估算。周村水库表层沉积物间隙水中NH+4-N的浓度为6.47 to 16.82 mg·L~(-1),PO3-4-P的浓度在0.13 to 0.56 mg·L~(-1)之间,均远高于上覆水中的营养盐浓度,表明周村水库表层沉积物具有很大的营养盐释放潜能。Fick第一定律的计算结果表明,沉积物-水界面NH+4-N与PO3-4-P的扩散通量分别为62.831 to 133.231和0.364 to 1.271 mg·(m2·d)-1,研究区域中间隙水中的营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水扩散,沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源。     

红枫湖底泥磷负荷释放

为了研究高原湖泊底泥沉积物中磷的释放负荷,对贵州红枫湖区10个地区的沉积物进行了磷形态分析。选取10个采样点中5个典型区域,研究结果表明,底泥中各形态磷占总磷比例Org-P为58.6%,NaOH-P为29.91%,Ca-P为11.48%,底泥中主要的磷形态为有机磷。上覆水溶解性总磷酸盐(TSP)与底泥中各形态磷的相关性研究表明,底泥中的Ca-P与上覆水中的TSP几乎没有相关性,NaOH-P与Org-P与上覆水的TSP有较高的相关性(R2>0.94),而底泥中的总磷(TP)与上覆水中的TSP相关性最高(R2>0.98),底泥中这种形态的结构有利于抑制底泥的释放。研究表明,在10点位样品中,间隙水中TP和SRP(溶解性正磷酸)浓度远大于上覆水体中相应磷形态的浓度,间隙水中TP平均浓度为0.37 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.18 mg/L,上覆水体中TP平均浓度为0.10 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.02 mg/L,间隙水中TP、SRP与上覆水中TP、SRP存在了一种浓度梯度。     

新型多级复合人工湿地的应用与除磷效果

为了研究新型多级复合人工湿地系统处理生活污水的除磷效果,分别对系统中COD、NH_4~+-N、TP的浓度和去除率进行分析。结果表明,最终出水COD、NH_4~+-N、TP浓度分别低于30、4.1和0.17 mg·L~(-1),去除率最高达到70.40%、71.0%和95.5%。工艺由前置系统、多级复合流湿地系统、后置氧化塘系统组成,每部分TP的去除率约占系统总去除率的6%、79%和15%,多级复合流湿地系统每级TP的去除率在15%~20%。出水中各类污染指标长期达到GB18918—2002一级A标准,TP最低出水浓度为0.075 mg·L~(-1),工艺除磷效果好。新型多级复合人工湿地布水均匀、不易堵塞,灵活度高,投资少,运行稳定、管理简单,可作为农村生活污水除磷的有效方法。     

曝气深度对河道底泥特性及水质的影响

采用室内模拟实验方法对受污河道底泥和上覆水进行研究,对比分析静置状态X0和不同曝气深度条件下(分别为水体曝气泥水界面上方10 cm,底泥曝气下方5和15 cm处,依次记为X+10、X-5和X-15)河道底泥特性及水质的影响情况。结果表明:底泥曝气较水体曝气而言,能促进水体DO更快恢复;停止曝气,DO浓度也会维持在较高的状态,有利于有机物和氨氮的进一步去除。在相同曝气量下,底泥曝气比水体曝气能更好地去除底泥中污染物,并减少再次释放,且底泥曝气深度越深,处理效果越好,至实验结束时,X-15组上覆水中COD、NH_4~+-N、TN及TP浓度分别为16.25、3.03、13.39及0.09 mg/L,去除率分别为69.73%、78.36%、45.98%及84.21%;停止曝气后,经曝气处理的底泥对磷的吸附容量显著增加,并且不会再向上覆水中释放污染物,避免引起水体的二次污染。     

新型复合药剂原位修复河道底泥污染

采用新型复合药剂开展河道底泥原位修复技术研究,通过考察河道水质改善效果、底泥中磷含量及形态的变化确定药剂的最佳投加量。结果表明,投加复合药剂对上覆水体中TN、NH+4-N和TP均有不同程度的净化效果,且净化效果随药剂量的增加而增强,最高去除率分别达到23.52%、21.79%和81.5%,上覆水体COD去除率随药剂投加量增多呈先升后降的趋势,最高(投加量为600 mg·L~(-1))达到57.6%。从底泥磷含量及形态变化来看,投加药剂增大了底泥TP含量并促进底泥不稳态磷向稳定态磷转化。因此,从经济成本和修复效果方面综合分析,以投加量为600 mg·L~(-1)对底泥污染原位修复较为合适。     

多级流化床-曝气生物滤池中试处理高氨氮废水

采用多级流化床-曝气生物滤池组合工艺,以高氨氮工业废水为处理对象,研究了中试系统的启动方法、稳定运行阶段对污染物的去除效能及与传统活性污泥法相比的优势。结果表明:采用控制进水流量和逐步增加进水负荷的运行方法,历时近50 d,可实现中试系统的启动;启动阶段,系统对COD和NH_4~+-N的平均去除率分别为68.74%和97.92%,出水COD和NH_4~+-N的质量浓度平均分别为176.35 mg·L~(-1)和13.52 mg·L~(-1);稳定运行阶段,系统在进水流量为2.0 m~3?d~(-1)的工况下,对COD和NH_4~+-N的平均去除率分别为92.66%和99.32%,出水COD和NH_4~+-N的质量浓度平均分别为152.24 mg·L~(-1)和1.32 mg·L~(-1),其中,出水的NH_4~+-N可以稳定达到地表水IV类水标准。与传统活性污泥法工艺相比较,该中试系统可以实现对COD的去除率从85.37%增加到92.66%,对NH_4~+-N的去除率从72.53%增加到99.32%。     

水葫芦对滇池底泥氮磷营养盐释放的影响

为了探讨水葫芦对富营养湖泊底泥氮磷营养盐释放的影响，通过原位采集滇池柱状底泥，以蒸馏水为上覆水，进行了25d的室内静态模拟实验。实验比较了水葫芦处理组和空白对照组底泥氨氮（NH4-N）、硝态氮（NO3^-N）、溶解性总氮（DTN）、正磷酸盐（PO4^3--P）等的释放特征。结果表明，与对照组相比，水葫芦处理组上覆水溶解氧、pH显著性降低，而PO4^3-P浓度显著性升高；在实验前2d，水葫芦处理组上覆水NH4^＋N和DTN浓度显著性高于对照组，而在5～25d时，其显著性低于对照组。根据上覆水营养盐浓度、水葫芦植株吸收营养盐总量，推算底泥氮磷营养盐释放的平均速率，表明水葫芦加速了滇池底泥氮、磷营养盐的释放速率，处理组氮、磷释放速率分别为对照组的5．3～170．2和1．5～21．6倍。     

滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为与曝气运行模式的关系

以滴水湖上覆水及底泥为研究对象,探讨了不同曝气运行模式对滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为的影响,为曝气原位修复滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊提供技术参考。结果表明,曝气能有效降低滴水湖上覆水体NH+4-N浓度,但此类滩涂底泥中较高的盐度能促进内源NH+4-N的释放并抑制硝化作用,使其NH+4-N削减率明显低于城市重污染河道;静置组TP浓度有所升高,而间歇曝气组及连续曝气组TP削减率分别为63.6%和38.5%,说明间歇曝气能有效降低上覆水体中的TP浓度;与曝气修复城市重污染河道相比,滴水湖较高的盐度及pH不利于TN去除,其中间歇曝气组对上覆水TN的控制优于连续曝气组与静置组;间歇曝气运行模式更适合于滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊的底泥修复。     

多级潮汐流人工湿地对污泥厌氧消化液中氨氮及有机物的去除特征

针对城市污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化液回流而引起城市污水处理厂处理系统内氨氮累积的问题,采用多级潮汐流人工湿地(MTF-CWs),研究MTF-CWs对污泥厌氧消化液中氨氮和有机物的去除特征及其主要去除途径。经过260 d的运行,结果表明,NH_4~+-N和COD平均进水浓度分别为859.55 mg·L~(-1)和446.52 mg·L~(-1),MTF-CWs对NH_4~+-N和COD均有较好的处理效果,平均去除率分别为66.50%和47.10%。在MTF-CWs中,转化为NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N占被去除NH_4~+-N的73.21%,硝化反应是NH_4~+-N去除的主要途径,MTF-CWs的平均硝化速率为0.3 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)。TN的平均去除率为17.63%,去除效果较差,其原因在于原水中缺少反硝化所需要的碳源。     

氯化亚铁活化过一硫酸盐同步去除氮磷及磷的回收

采用氯化亚铁(FeCl_2)活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO_4~(·-))和氯自由基(Cl·),实现了水中NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)的同步无害化去除及磷的回收。研究了Fe~(2+)/PMS/Cr体系中的反应机制,考察了PMS浓度、Fe~(2+)/Cr、溶液pH、温度、溶液共存CO_3~(2-)浓度及腐殖酸(HA)浓度等条件对反应体系的影响。结果表明:当溶液pH为4.0、PMS投加量为20 mmol·L~(-1)、Fe~(2+)/Cl~-摩尔分数为1/12时,反应30 min后,溶液中的NH_4~+去除率高达100%且以氮气(N_2)形式实现NH_4~+无害化去除;PC_4~(3-)的去除率也高达100%且以磷酸铁(FePO_4)沉淀形式被回收;随着PMS浓度、Fe~(2+)/Cl~-以及温度的升高,Fe~(2+)/PMS/Cl~-体系中,NH_4~+去除率逐渐增大,但对PO_4~(3-)的回收无明显影响;溶液中CO_3~(2-)和HA的存在对NH_4~+去除有抑制作用。通过自由基淬灭实验和ESR分析证明,SO_4~(·-)和Cl·在Fe~(2+)/PMS/Cl~-体系中起主要作用。本研究结果可为氮磷废水的处理及磷回收提供参考。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。