不同温度对SBBR同步短程硝化反硝化处理炼油催化剂废水的影响

采用SBBR在溶解氧1.0 mg/L条件下考察了不同温度对实际炼油催化剂废水脱氮系统效能的影响.结果表明,SBBR容积负荷及同步硝化反硝化(SND)三氮去除率与进水氨氮浓度正相关.不同进水浓度下,反应器SND三氮去除率最高可达40％左右.33、30及28℃条件下,反应器亚硝积累率均可稳定保持在90％以上.不同温度下短程硝化反硝化pH值及ORP变化趋势基本一致,结合在线监控pH值及ORP变化规律调控反应时间,最大限度保证短程硝化的稳定性.     

两阶段曝气生物滤池的硝化性能

曝气生物滤池(BAF)是近年来受到广泛关注的一种新型污水处理技术,具有占地面积少、投资费用低、处理效率高、出水水质好等优点。现已被应用于许多污水处理厂的二级处理、深度处理以及污水的回用。实验以陶粒为填料,自行设计了升流式两阶段BAFs(UBAFs)处理模拟生活污水,考察了反应器运行条件对COD与氨氮去除影响,并探讨了UBAFs反应器内氮流失及同步硝化反硝化情况。结果表明,UBAFs对生活污水处理具有良好的净化效果。在进水COD和氨氮浓度分别为200~363 mg/L和16.8~31.3 mg/L条件下,UBAFs处理出水水质均达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)标准,能够满足回用要求。通过采用氮平衡分析方法和借助电子扫描电镜技术,初步认为UBAFs反应器脱氮方式是由于在UBAFs第一阶段局部厌氧环境中以传统方式进行硝化反硝化脱氮,第二阶段是在好氧条件下,异养好氧硝化菌的同步硝化反硝化脱氮。     

新型沸石填料间歇硝化反应器的研究

介绍一种新型沸石填料 ,用于提高生物脱氮系统中硝化反应器的硝化性能。试验结果表明 ,应用了沸石填料的硝化反应器的硝化性能得到了显著提高 ,在脱氮效率和速率上 ,与普通生物载体硝化反应器相比具有明显的优势。硝化反应器连续运行 17d ,出水氨氮基本在 1mg/L以下 ,氨氮去除率在 97%以上。该系统停止运行 5 0d后再次启动 ,一周内硝化性能得以恢复     

高浓度氨氮废水同步硝化反硝化性能研究

利用序批式反应器研究了溶解氧浓度和进水碳氮比对高浓度氨氮废水脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,溶解氧浓度降低实现了短程同步硝化反硝化,并提高了反应器脱氮效率.反应器运行经历了外部碳源的摄取、PHB储存、PHB有氧氧化和同步硝化反硝化作用,PHB作为同步硝化反硝化过程中反硝化的电子供体.     

同步硝化反硝化工艺中DO浓度对N2O产生量的影响

采用序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）,在连续曝气全程好氧的运行条件下,考察不同溶解氧浓度对同步硝化反硝化脱氮性能及N2O产量的影响。控制溶解氧浓度恒定在1、2、2.5和3 mg/L。结果表明,DO为2 mg/L和2.5 mg/L时,氨氮去除率分别为97.9%和98.5%,同步硝化反硝化率均为99%。DO为2 mg/L时,系统中N2O产生量最低,为0.423 mg/L,占氨氮去除量的1.4%;DO为3 mg/L时N2O的产生量最高,为2.01 mg/L,是DO为2 mg/L时的4.75倍。系统中亚硝酸盐的存在可能是高溶解氧条件下N2O产量增加的主要原因,同步过程中没有NOx-的积累即稳定的SND系统有利于降低生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生量。     

连续流反应器污水硝化过程中的N2O释放

污水生物脱氮硝化阶段是温室气体一氧化二氮(N2O)的重要释放源。采用连续流反应器在2种进水氨氮(NH4-N,低氮反应器60 mg/L和高氮反应器180 mg/L)浓度条件下驯化硝化菌,并研究了不同初始NH4-N浓度和不同初始亚硝酸盐(NO2-N)浓度条件下所驯化硝化菌释放N2O的特征。结果表明在反应器运行过程中2个反应器释放N2O较少,均小于去除NH4-N浓度的0.01%;N2O的释放均随着初始NH4-N浓度或初始NO2-N浓度的升高而增加;不同初始NH4-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在0.51%~1.40%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在0.29%~1.27%之间;不同初始NO2-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在1.38%~3.78%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在1.16-5.81%之间。     

新型沸石填料间歇硝化反应器的研究

介绍一种新型沸石填料，用于提高生物脱氮系统中硝化反应器的硝化性能。试验结果表明，应用了沸石填料的硝化反应器的硝化性能得到了显著提高，在脱氮效率和速率上，与普通生物载体硝化反应器相比具有明显的优势。硝化反应器连续运行17d，出水氨氮基本在1mg／L以下，氨氮去除率在97％以上。该系统停止运行50d后再次启动，一周内硝化性能得以恢复。     

两级自养反硝化实现垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮

针对目前生物工艺难以解决垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的问题,探究了短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化-硫自养反硝化(两级自养)工艺处理高氨氮、低C/N比垃圾渗滤液的脱氮效果。结果表明,当进水垃圾渗滤液中氨氮平均浓度为2 560 mg·L~(-1),COD值为4 000～5 000 mg·L~(-1)时,经过短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理后,总氮去除负荷可达1.19 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)、总氮去除率可达93.1%(出水TN=176.3 mg·L~(-1))、COD去除率可达52.2%。但是,厌氧氨氧化反应器出水中NO_x~--N浓度为154.5 mg·L~(-1),仍未达到我国生活垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液处理排放标准(TN≤40 mg·L~(-1))。在厌氧氨氧化反应器之后串联硫自养反硝化,整体工艺最终出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N平均浓度分别为1.9、0.6、9.7 mg·L~(-1),TN≤15 mg·L~(-1),进水总氮去除率为99.5%。在短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化-硫自养反硝化两级自养深度脱氮反应系统中实现了垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮。     

SBR用于焦化废水生物处理的试验研究

采用SBR工艺对焦化废水的有机物降解和生物脱氮进行了研究。试验结果表明,焦化废水的生物脱氮是以短程硝化/反硝化的途径存在的,而且在好氧阶段存在同时硝化/反硝化(SND)过程。好氧阶段的反硝化效率约占整个反应周期脱氮效率的37.0%。SBR反应器对NH3N的去除效率在95.8%～99.2%,COD的去除率在85.3%～92.6%。由于出水中NO2N的积累,NO2N对COD浓度贡献值得关注。     

连续流反应器污水硝化过程中的N_2O释放

污水生物脱氮硝化阶段是温室气体一氧化二氮（N2O）的重要释放源。采用连续流反应器在2种进水氨氮（NH4-N,低氮反应器60 mg/L和高氮反应器180 mg/L）浓度条件下驯化硝化菌,并研究了不同初始NH4-N浓度和不同初始亚硝酸盐（NO2-N）浓度条件下所驯化硝化菌释放N2O的特征。结果表明在反应器运行过程中2个反应器释放N2O较少,均小于去除NH4-N浓度的0.01%;N2O的释放均随着初始NH4-N浓度或初始NO2-N浓度的升高而增加;不同初始NH4-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在0.51%~1.40%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在0.29%~1.27%之间;不同初始NO2-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在1.38%~3.78%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在1.16-5.81%之间。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.