好氧颗粒污泥胞外多聚物的提取及成分分析

EPS是微生物聚集体的重要组成部分,提取和分析好氧颗粒污泥的EPS利于深入研究这一新兴微生物聚集体.采用加热、超声、高速离心和加碱等5种方法提取好氧颗粒污泥的EPS,并分析其主要成分.结果表明,匀浆预处理是提取颗粒污泥EPS首要步骤,超声和加热分别适合EPS定性与定量分析,在35 w、超声4 min的条件下,活性污泥与好氧颗粒污泥EPS提取液中TOC产量分别为105.3 mg/g VSS和96.5 mg/g VSS;加热法(80℃,60 min)提取的EPS产量略高于超声法,对于活性污泥和好氧颗粒污泥,TOC含量分别为142.6 mg/g VSS和153.2 mg/g VSS;蛋白质是活性污泥和好氧颗粒污泥EPS中比例最大的成分,且蛋白与多糖在好氧颗粒污泥与其在絮状活性污泥中的比值范围分别为3.22～5.80和1.68～2.63.     

厌氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的影响因素研究

为明确厌氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物产生的影响机制，通过改变pH、污泥负荷（Ns)和C/N比，研究厌氧颗粒污泥及其上清液的EPS（胞外聚合物）产生量及组分多糖、蛋白质的变化情况，采用红外光谱对比分析了pH、Ns、C/N比对EPS分子结构的影响；结果表明，过酸、过碱和不适当的C/N比不利于厌氧颗粒污泥形态保持和微生物生长，但Ns对厌氧颗粒污泥形态的影响不大。红外光谱分析表明，蛋白质肽键在强酸、强碱条件下均发生了变化，羧基、醇和酚则在强酸条件下(pH 3)消失,C/N比和污泥负荷对EPS的分子结构影响不大。     

高负荷条件下好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除碳特性及微生物群落结构分析

为研究高负荷条件下好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程、同步脱氮除碳效果和微生物群落结构特点,构建了一个序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)。结果表明,C/N=40进水条件下能够完成颗粒化,成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥呈表面光滑结构紧实的椭球体。随着颗粒粒径增大,其比好氧速率提高、含水率下降、沉降性能变好、生物量增加。颗粒形成过程产生的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)先增加后受水质冲击减少,之后又明显提高,整个过程中多糖与蛋白质之比(PS/PN)持续下降,EPS中的蛋白质对颗粒的形成影响较大。SBR中的好氧颗粒污泥能够同时高效去除进水中的COD、N H_4~+-N和TN,去除率分别为94%、96%和93%,反应器的反硝化性能良好。C/N=40时,采用MiSeq高通量测序方法对成熟好氧颗粒污泥中的群落结构进行研究,发现存在促进颗粒化的优势菌门(包括Saccharibacteria、Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Chloroflexi)。同时,在颗粒污泥中,异养硝化、好氧/缺氧反硝化菌属丰度较高,表明异养硝化-好氧/缺氧反硝化菌属可能存在于好氧颗粒污泥中。     

C/N比对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响

在SBR内接种活性污泥,研究了进水C/N比对好氧颗粒污泥的影响。结果表明,在高C/N比的条件下污泥不易快速颗粒化,沉降性能差,低C/N比有利于反应器内微生物的积累,MLSS最高可达8 740 mg/L,然而过低的C/N比将导致颗粒粒径增加,结构疏松以致解体,丝状微生物过度繁殖,不利于系统的稳定。对有机物的去除受进水C/N比的影响不明显,颗粒初步形成后对COD的去除率基本维持在87%左右;在C/N比为6.67～2.86之间时,除磷效果较好,平均去除率稳定在80%以上,而C/N比过高或过低,污泥颗粒化程度差,体系内缺乏除磷所需的微观环境,不利于磷的去除;进水C/N比对NH4＋-N的去除效果影响明显,C/N比为10时,好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的脱氮效果,NH4＋-N的平均去除率达90.59%,但低C/N比能抑制硝化菌和反硝化菌的活性,当进水C/N比由5降低至2时,反应器对NH4＋-N的去除率由65.23%下降到38.77%。     

好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

在不同接种源污泥颗粒化过程中污泥理化性状对比研究的基础上,采用成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水,对其脱氮行为以及不同C/N条件下好氧颗粒污泥微生物的比耗氧速率、好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率随时间的变化等进行了研究.实验结果表明,在进水氨氮质量浓度较高(480 mg/L)、温度30℃左右的条件下,稳定运行15 d,氨氮的去除率维持在85%左右;进水氨氮的浓度越高,随着微生物对环境的逐渐适应,硝化菌的活性也逐步增加;随着进水氨氮浓度的提高,好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的比降解速率也逐渐上升.     

好氧颗粒污泥降解苯酚

以人工配水启动SBR,逐步提高进水苯酚浓度,探究好氧颗粒污泥对苯酚的降解能力,同时分析苯酚对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响。经过55 d的运行,进水苯酚浓度逐渐增到3 000 mg/L,苯酚、COD及NH+4-N去除率分别达到了98.33%、97.27%和57.58%,好氧颗粒污泥表现出对苯酚的良好的去除能力。扫描电镜照片显示投加苯酚后的颗粒污泥表面更加光滑,结构更为紧凑。胞外聚合物红外光谱分析表明投加苯酚前后好氧颗粒污泥EPS的主要组分没有明显改变。苯酚毒性刺激了颗粒污泥分泌更多胞外聚合物,胞外聚合物中多糖含量由初始的12.70 mg/g VSS增加到35.17 mg/g VSS,蛋白含量由4.93 mg/g VSS增加到8.01 mg/g VSS。投加苯酚后的污泥粒径明显增大,主要污泥粒径由0.5~2.0 mm增大到2.0 mm以上。     

负荷及盐度对好氧颗粒污泥EPS的影响

研究了序批式反应器(SBR)内好氧颗粒污泥在不同有机负荷(1.6 kg COD/（m³·d）和8 kg COD/（m³·d)）和不同含盐(2.5%和5.0%)条件下胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化情况，并对EPS、比耗氧速率(SOUR)和孔隙率之间的关系作了进一步探讨。结果表明：在SBR反应器中，负荷较含盐量对好氧颗粒污泥EPS变化的影响要显著，且EPS糖成分和SOUR之间、EPS蛋白成分和孔隙率之间均呈负相关。另外，高负荷条件下的系统稳定性要优于低负荷。     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能

为考察不同接种污泥培养好氧硝化颗粒污泥的可行性,分别采用絮状活性污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种污泥,在气升内循环序批式反应器(SBAR)中进行好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养,探讨不同性质的种泥对好氧硝化颗粒污泥的培养及其性能影响.结果表明,以絮状活性污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥均可培养出好氧硝化颗粒污泥,其颗粒成熟时间分别为62和80 d,SVI为25.52和27.68 mL/g,氨氮去除率为93.15％和75.43％,COD去除率在90％以上,SOUR、Zeta和EPS显著提高,微生物活性及疏水性能增强,以絮状活性污泥培养的好氧硝化颗粒污泥性能更优.     

好氧颗粒污泥形成与运行稳定性的影响因素试验分析

用普通絮状污泥作为接种污泥,用SBR作为反应器,分析了高径比、污泥容积负荷以及营养比例(BOD5:N:P)等因素对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响.试验结果表明,高径比对好氧颗粒污泥的形成有直接关系;污泥容积负荷越高、碳氮比正常、磷源缺乏越易诱导好氧颗粒污泥的骨架丝状菌的生长,可以促进好氧颗粒污泥的提前形成,但是越易引起粘性膨胀的出现.在高径比为38;6,污泥容积负荷为1.67 kg/(m3·d).BOD5:N:P为100:5:1,沉淀时同为2 h时,其好氧颗粒污泥形成时间为17个周期,成熟时间为23个周期,粒径为2～3 mm,平均污泥沉降比(SV)为29.0%,对模拟废水COD的平均去除率达94.3%.     

2种反应器中好氧颗粒污泥培养的比较研究

以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,采用人工配制的模拟生活污水,分别在气提式序批反应器(SBAR)和序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中成功地培养出了成熟的好氧颗粒污泥.SBAR和SBR中的好氧颗粒污泥都具有稳定的基本形态结构,其微生物主要由杆菌和球菌组成,对COD的去除率可达到93%左右.对NH+4-N的去除率可达到98%以上.SBAR中好氧颗粒污泥的粒径主要分布、污泥体积指数(SVI)、比耗氧速率(SOUR)、TN去除率和TP去除率分别为0.45～2.00 mm、19.97 mL/g、47.68 g/(kg·h)、82%和65%;而SBR中好氧颗粒污泥的粒径主要分布、SVI、SOUR、TN去除率和TP去除率分别为0.18～1.00 mm、29.12 mL/g、43.21 g/(kg·h)、58%和50%.相对而言,SBAR更有利于好氧颗粒污泥的培养和运行.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.