生物法净化低浓度苯乙烯有机废气填料的选择及运行功效

采用培养驯化的污泥菌种,对1#陶粒、2#陶粒、塑料小球和沸石4种填料进行生物挂膜,通过对比筛选,选择性能优越的1#陶粒作为滴滤塔填料净化苯乙烯废气,结果表明,在进气量Q=0.6 m3/h,循环喷液量L=90 L/min,进气负荷小于180 g/(m3·h),去除负荷可达到163 g/(m3·h),苯乙烯净化效率达到90%以上.     

生物滤池处理城市污水工艺中恶臭和微生物气溶胶的填料选择

采用实验室规模的生物滤池对含硫化氢、氨和微生物气溶胶的气体进行处理，并对海绵、陶粒、堆肥和空心塑料小球4种物质作为反应器填料的性能进行比较。结果表明，不同填料生物滤池对硫化氢、氨和微生物气溶胶的去除效率明显不同，去除效率从高到低的顺序依次为海绵、陶粒、堆肥和空心塑料小球生物滤池。海绵和陶粒生物滤池出气异养细菌和真菌主要以小粒径粒子为主。在同样的进气和运行条件下，堆肥填料层的压力降最大，其次是陶粒和空心塑料小球填料层，海绵填料层的压力降最小。对4种填料的性能进行综合比较，海绵和陶粒较适宜作为处理硫化氢、氨和微生物气溶胶的生物滤池填料。     

生物滤池处理城市污水工艺中恶臭和微生物气溶胶的填料选择简

采用实验室规模的生物滤池对含硫化氢、氨和微生物气溶胶的气体进行处理，并对海绵、陶粒、堆肥和空心塑料小球4种物质作为反应器填料的性能进行比较。结果表明，不同填料生物滤池对硫化氢、氨和微生物气溶胶的去除效率明显不同，去除效率从高到低的顺序依次为海绵、陶粒、堆肥和空心塑料小球生物滤池。海绵和陶粒生物滤池出气异养细菌和真菌主要以小粒径粒子为主。在同样的进气和运行条件下，堆肥填料层的压力降最大，其次是陶粒和空心塑料小球填料层，海绵填料层的压力降最小。对4种填料的性能进行综合比较，海绵和陶粒较适宜作为处理硫化氢、氨和微生物气溶胶的生物滤池填料。     

PCR-DGGE技术用于处理苯乙烯废气的生物滴滤塔中微生物优势菌种解析

采用生物滴滤塔能够有效去除含苯乙烯恶臭气体,塔内微生物中含有大量的球菌和杆状菌。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究处理苯乙烯恶臭气体的生物滴滤塔填料表面的微生物,结果表明,去除苯乙烯生物滴滤塔中有5种菌为降解苯乙烯的优势菌种;通过16S rDNA基因扩增测序同源性比对,结果显示嗜甲基杆菌属(methylophilus)丰度为50.5%,2种变形菌属(alpha proteobacterium、delta proteobacterium)相对丰度分别为16.9%和11.6%。     

生物滴滤塔净化苯乙烯废气的实验研究

采用生物滴滤(BTF)系统对含苯乙烯的有机废气进行了生物净化实验并研究该系统VOCs生物降解性能。实验表明,苯乙烯进气浓度低于20 mg/m3时BTF去除效率可达92%以上,出口苯乙烯浓度低于1.6 mg/m3,达到GB14554-1993中规定的排放标准;该BTF装置对苯乙烯的去除负荷在2.0 g/(m3.h)左右;系统稳定运行时循环液COD、浊度和pH等都保持稳定,无脱落生物膜积累现象;生物滴滤塔系统适宜的气液比为300;系统总压降约100 Pa,鲍尔环填料和聚氨酯发泡填料混合装填方式可以降低系统压降并有利于微生物挂膜。     

铁氧化物多孔陶粒生物滴滤塔净化硫化氢气体

采用装有凹凸棒石基铁氧化物多孔陶粒作为填料的生物滴滤塔,进行了长期实验室H2S脱臭实验。结果表明,该生物滴滤塔H2S的进气浓度低于500 mg/m3时,循环营养液喷淋量高于1.5 L/h,气体最佳停留时间为54.9 s,去除率在95%以上。代谢产物以SO2-4为主,转化速率在52.42 g/(m3·d)左右。该滴滤塔系统可稳定而有效运行。生物相观察表明,滴滤塔填料表面附着大量微生物,铁氧化物陶粒具有化学和生物惰性,有利于微生物的附着。     

错流式生物滴滤床净化甲苯废气

采用焦化厂污泥为菌源驯化甲苯降解菌，接种错流式生物滴滤床，净化含甲苯废气。研究了生物滴滤床的挂膜启动和长期运行情况，填料和营养液对滴滤床去除能力的影响，并对长期运行的压降进行了观察分析。反应器挂膜启动需要6 d时间，稳定运行的平均去除效率为95％，单位体积最大去除负荷为251 g/(m³·h)。结果表明，采用错流式生物滴滤床可以有效去除甲苯废气；以比表面积大的生物陶粒作为填料以及定期适量更换营养液，均有助于提高生物滴滤床的去除能力；错流式生物滴滤床具有压降小、气液分布均匀的特点。     

生物滴滤塔净化苯乙烯废气的强化启动及工艺性能

采用多面空心球与活性炭纤维组合填料构建生物滴滤塔(BTF),接种活性污泥净化苯乙烯废气。采用外加葡萄糖共代谢基质,气液相联合挂膜法启动生物滴滤塔,考察BTF启动及稳定阶段的工艺性能。结果表明,BTF的挂膜时间仅为20 d,实现了BTF的快速启动;适宜的苯乙烯进气浓度为195.2~1 478.2 mg/m3,停留时间(EBRT)为57 s,气液比为300∶1,系统最大去除负荷可达136.4 g/(m3·h);BTF对喷淋液p H的大幅变化及间歇运行有较强的适应性。     

生物滴滤塔处理苯乙烯气流的工效和生物膜微群落的分析

采用培养驯化污泥菌种、类球形陶粒和循环液等构建生物滴滤塔.研究评价气体苯乙烯浓度、气体流量、循环液喷淋量对生物滴滤塔工效的影响,并对生物膜微群落中的微种群作了定性定量检测.当进口气体苯乙烯小于1 000 mg/m3、气体流量为200 L/h、循环液流量为10 L/h时,苯乙烯净化效率达90%以上,生化去除量为30 mg/(L·h);单位体积生物膜填料对苯乙烯的最大生化去除量为35 mg/(L·h).湿润生物膜微群落的优势菌种群包括恶臭假单胞菌、梭形芽孢杆菌、罗非氏不动杆菌等5种,恶臭假单胞菌等非芽孢杆菌的最大活菌数为5.5×107 CFU/g,并随生物滴滤塔运行时间延长有减少趋势.     

生物焦炭滴滤塔降解苯乙烯废气的中试启动研究

苯乙烯废气既是一种挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),又属于我国恶臭气体控制的范围之内。其作为一种化工原料和有机溶剂广泛应用于工业生产中。生物法处理有机废气具有运行费用低和没有二次污染等优点。采用焦炭填料滴滤塔对苯乙烯废气的处理进行了中试启动研究。启动过程中,进气浓度范围是50~114 mg/m3,去除率为30%~45%左右,最高可达90%左右。所采用的焦炭填料可以认为是一种环境友好型填料,废弃后可作为燃料,值得推广。     

The control of mercury vapor using biotrickling filters

The feasibility of using biotrickling filters for the removal of mercury vapor from simulated flue gases was evaluated. The experiments were carried out in laboratory-scale biotrickling filters with various mixed cultures naturally attached on a polyurethane foam packing. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria, toluene degraders and denitrifiers were used and compared for their ability to remove Hg 0 vapor. In particular, the biotrickling filters with sulfur oxidizing bacteria were able to remove 100% of mercury vapor, with an inlet concentration of 300-650 microg m(-3), at a gas contact time as low as six seconds. 87-92% of the removed mercury was fixed in or onto the microbial cells while the remaining left the system with the trickling liquid. The removal of mercury vapors in a biotrickling filter with dead cells was almost equivalent to this in biotrickling filters with live cells, indicating that significant abiotic removal mechanisms existed. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria biotrickling filters were the most effective in controlling mercury vapors, suggesting that sulfur played a key role. Identification of the location of metal deposition and of the form of metal was conducted using TEM, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and mercury elution analyses. The results suggested that mercury removal was through a series of complex mechanisms, probably both biotic and abiotic, including sorption in and onto cellular material and possible biotransformations. Overall, the study demonstrates that biotrickling filters appear to be a promising alternative for mercury vapor removal from flue gases.     

Biotrickling filtration of airborne styrene: A comparison of filtration media

This study compares the performances of fern and plastic chips as packing media for the biofiltration of a styrene-laden waste gas stream emitted in a plant for the manufacture of plastic door plates. Fern chips (with a specific surface area of 1090 m² m^?3) and plastic chips (with a specific surface area of 610 m² m^?3) were packed into a pilot-scale biotrickling filter with a total medium volume of 50 L for the performance test. Field waste gas with styrene concentrations in the range of 161–2390 mg Am^?3 at 28–30 °C) was introduced to the bed and a fixed empty-bed retention time (EBRT) of 21 sec, a volumetric gas flow rate of 8.57 m³ hr^?1, and superficial gas velocity of 53.6 m hr^?1 were maintained throughout the experimental period. Nutrients containing metal salts, nitrogen, phosphorus, and milk were supplemented to the filters for maintaining the microbial activities. Results reveal that the biotrickling filter developed in this study had the highest styrene monomer (SM) elimination capacities (170 g m^?3 hr^?1 for fern-chip packing and 300 g m^?3 hr^?1 for plastic-chip packing) among those cited in the literature. The plastic medium is a favorable substitute for endangered fern chips. The thermal-setting nature of plastic chips limits their recycle and reuse as raw materials, and the study provides an opportunity for the utilization of the materials.

Implications: Biotreatment of contaminants in air streams offers an inexpensive and efficient alternative to conventional technologies. Biofiltration has a great potential for the degradation of gas-borne styrene and total hydrocarbon (THC) removal efficiency of around 80%. The objective of this research was to compare the performances of fern chips and a kind of plastic chips as packing media for biofiltration of the styrene-laden waste gas stream emitted from cutting operations of stripes of premixed unsaturated polyester (UP) and styrene paste before hot-pressing operations for making plastic door plates. From a practical point of view, the plastic medium can be a good substitute medium for fern chips, which has been declared as a protected plant. This study provides an experimentally verified model for the design and operation of such biotreatment systems.     

Comparison of different packing materials for the biofiltration of air toxics

Four different biofilter packing materials (two porous ceramics, perlite, and open pore polyurethane foam) were compared for the removal of toluene vapors. The focus was on evaluating performance at relatively short gas retention time (13.5 and 27 sec). The reactors were initially operated as biotrickling filters with continuous feeding and trickling of a nutrient solution. After significant plugging of the biotrickling filter beds with biomass was observed, the operation mode was switched to biofiltration with only periodic supply of mineral nutrients. This resulted in stable conditions, which allowed detailed investigations over > 6 months. The reactor packed with cattle bone Porcelite (CBP), a ceramic material containing some macronutrients and micronutrients, exhibited the highest performance. The critical load (i.e., load at which 95% removal occurred) was 29 g m(-3) hr(-1) at a gas retention time of 13.5 sec and 66 g m(-3) hr(-1) at a gas retention time of 27 sec. After the long-term experiment, the packing materials were taken from the reactors and examined. The reactors were divided into three sections, top, middle, and bottom, to determine whether spatial differentiation of biomass occurred. The assays included a double-staining technique to count total and live microorganisms and determination of moisture, protein, and dry weight contents. Microbial community analysis was also conducted by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The results showed that most reactors had a significant fraction of inactive biomass. Comparatively, the CBP biofilter held significantly higher densities of active biomass, which may be the reason for the higher toluene removal performance. The analyses suggest that favorable material properties and the nutrients slowly released by the CBP provided better environmental conditions for the process culture.     

Comparison of Different Packing Materials for the Biofiltration of Air Toxics

Abstract

Four different biofilter packing materials (two porous ceramics, perlite, and open pore polyurethane foam) were compared for the removal of toluene vapors. The focus was on evaluating performance at relatively short gas retention time (13.5 and 27 sec). The reactors were initially operated as biotrickling filters with continuous feeding and trickling of a nutrient solution. After significant plugging of the biotrickling filter beds with biomass was observed, the operation mode was switched to biofiltration with only periodic supply of mineral nutrients. This resulted in stable conditions, which allowed detailed investigations over >6 months. The reactor packed with cattle bone Porcelite (CBP), a ceramic material containing some macronutrients and micronutrients, exhibited the highest performance. The critical load (i.e., load at which 95% removal occurred) was 29 g m^?3 hr^?1 at a gas retention time of 13.5 sec and 66 g m^?3 hr^?1 at a gas retention time of 27 sec. After the long-term experiment, the packing materials were taken from the reactors and examined. The reactors were divided into three sections, top, middle, and bottom, to determine whether spatial differentiation of biomass occurred. The assays included a double-staining technique to count total and live microorganisms and determination of moisture, protein, and dry weight contents. Microbial community analysis was also conducted by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The results showed that most reactors had a significant fraction of inactive biomass. Comparatively, the CBP biofilter held significantly higher densities of active biomass, which may be the reason for the higher toluene removal performance. The analyses suggest that favorable material properties and the nutrients slowly released by the CBP provided better environmental conditions for the process culture.     

Removal of nitric oxide in a biotrickling filter under thermophilic condition using Chelatococcus daeguensis

The development of a thermophilic biotrickling filter (BTF) system to inoculate a newly isolated strain of Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 for the effective treatment of nitric oxide (NO) is described. A bench-scale BTF was run under high concentrations of NO and 8% O2 in thermophilic aerobic environment. A novel aerobic denitrifier Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 was isolated from the biofilm of an on-site biotrickling filter and it showed a denitrifying capability of 96.1% nitrate removal rate in a 24 h period in aerobic environment at 50 degrees C, with no nitrite accumulation. The inlet NO concentration fluctuated between approximately 133.9 and 669.6 mg m-3 and kept on a steady NOx removal rate above 80% in an oxygen stream of 8%. The BTF system was able to consistently remove 80-93.7% NO when the inlet NO was 535.7 mg m-3 in an oxygen stream of 2-20%. The biological removal efficiency of NO at 50 degrees C is higher than that at 25 degrees C, suggesting that the aerobic denitrifier TAD1 display well denitrification performance under thermophilic condition. Starvation for 2, 4 and 8 days resulted in the re-acclimation times of Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 ranging between 4 and 16 hours. A longer recovery time than that for weekend shutdown will be required when a longer starvation occurs. The results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of biotrickling filter for the thermophilic removal of NOx from gas streams. Implications: A novel denitrifier Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 was isolated from an on-site biotrickling filter in aerobic environment at 50 degrees C. To date, C. daeguensis has not been previously reported to be an aerobic denitrifier. In this study, a thermophilic biotrickling filter system inoculated with Chelatococcus daeguensis TADI for treatment of nitric oxide is developed. In coal-fired power plants, influent flue gas stream for nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal typically exhibit temperatures between 50 and 60 degrees C. Traditionally, cooling gases to below 40 degrees C prior to biological treatment is inevitable, which is costly. Therefore, the application ofthermophilic microorganisms for the removal of nitric oxide (NO) at this temperature range would offer great savings and would greatly extend the applicability ofbiofilters and biotrickling filters. Until now there has not been any study published about thermophilic biological treatment of NO under aerobic condition.     

Biological sweetening of energy gases mimics in biotrickling filters

Removal of hydrogen sulfide from waste and energy-rich gases is required, not only because of environmental health and safety reasons, but also because of operational reasons if such gases have to be used for energy generation. A biotrickling filter for the removal of ultra-high concentrations of H2S from oxygen-poor gases is proposed and studied in this work. Two laboratory-scale biotrickling filters were used to study the startup period and to determine the long-term performance of the gas sweetening process. The inlet H2S concentration ranged from 900 to 12000ppmv and two different packing materials were investigated. There was no toxicity effect observed even at a the highest H2S concentration, and maximum elimination capacities of 280 and 250g H2Sm(-3)h(-1) were obtained at gas contact times of 167 and 180s, respectively. Elemental sulfur and sulfate were found to be the most abundant end-products of the biological oxidation of sulfide when operated under microaerophilic conditions. The biotrickling filter was able to quickly recover its nominal performance after different load increases and system shutdowns simulating field operation. The results reported here show that biotreatment can be an interesting alternative to conventional gas sweetening systems normally used for such applications.