危险废物焚烧灰渣熔融过程中重金属元素热力学平衡计算

熔融固化是目前危废焚烧灰渣处置的有效方法之一。为了能够有效地控制熔融过程中重金属元素的迁移,采用HSC Chemistry软件模拟研究了重金属元素As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr等在熔融过程中的物质变化历程,考察了不同气氛、温度、氯化物种类的影响。结果表明:在还原性气氛下,As、Pb几乎100%以As S(g)和Pb S(g)的形式挥发进入气相;Zn主要以气态金属挥发,1 500℃时90.8%的Zn进入气相;Cu、Ni、Cr与灰渣中的Fe2O3、Al2O3等形成不易挥发的化合物,几乎完全被熔渣固化。氧化性气氛有利于各重金属元素的固化,除46.47%的Pb以Pb Cl2(g)、Pb Cl(g)、Pb O(g)的形式挥发外,其余重金属元素均能被固溶在渣中。与灰渣中Na Cl相比,Ca Cl2不影响As、Cr的平衡形态分布,但能促进Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni以气态氯化物的形式挥发进入气相,不利于重金属元素的固化。     

模拟陈腐垃圾掺烧过程中P/Cl/S对6种重金属迁移特性的影响

通过管式炉焚烧实验,探究了在陈腐垃圾与城市生活垃圾(MSW)掺烧过程中,P/Cl/S对6种重金属(Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr、Pb)迁移规律的影响,并考察了陈腐垃圾掺混比例、含特征元素的添加剂种类及焚烧温度对6种重金属挥发率的影响.结果 表明,当陈腐垃圾掺烧比例与温度相同时,NaH2PO4和Na2SO4的协同作用对Cd挥发有显著的抑制作用,但对Ni、Cu的挥发起促进作用;NaCl对Zn的挥发有明显的抑制作用,但对Cr的挥发起促进作用;而NaCl和Na2SO4的协同作用促进了Pb的挥发.随着焚烧温度在设定范围(600～800℃)内的增加,Cd、Ni、Cr和Pb的挥发率整体呈增加的趋势.相比添加剂种类,陈腐垃圾掺混比例对Cd、Cr、Cu挥发率的影响更显著.本研究结果可为制定有效的重金属控制策略提供参考.     

污泥与煤、木屑燃烧过程中重金属排放特性研究

为了考察燃料燃烧过程中重金属的迁移转化规律，对污泥、煤与木屑及其混合物在不同温度下氧气中燃烧灰渣中的重金属元素进行分析。结果表明，燃料中重金属在高温燃烧时表现出不同的挥发特性，大部分元素随着温度的升高挥发率增加，其中Cd、Pb和Zn元素挥发性较强，Cr、Cu和Ni挥发性较弱。污泥与木屑混合燃烧灰渣仍以污泥灰为主，重金属含量与污泥灰相近，污泥中混入煤后使灰中大部分重金属含量有所降低。燃烧过程会改变重金属存在形态，污泥与煤原料中以酸溶态和可还原态存在的重金属含量较高，具有较强的生物有效性和迁移性，而燃烧灰渣中酸溶态和可还原态含量显著下降，混合燃烧灰渣中除As外的其他重金属几乎全部以残渣态存在，其含量达到90％以上，焚烧过程有效降低了燃料灰渣中重金属的生物毒性。     

CaO/SiO2对流化床焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属挥发的影响

对掺煤混烧的流化床焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属在气相(吸收率)中和固相(固定率)中的分布进行了研究,并采用HNO3-NaOH2级吸收方式对气相重金属进行了吸收.结果表明,CaO/SiO2(摩尔比)对重金属的迁移行为有重要影响,CaO/SiO2降低,Cd、Pb固定率总体呈上升趋势;2级吸收对气相重金属的吸收有限,大部分重金属主要溶解在HNO3吸收液中,但NaOH吸收液对Cr的吸收效果好于HNO3吸收液;氯对重金属的挥发有重要影响,当重金属以氯化物形式存在时,其挥发受到SiO2的限制.随着SiO2含量增加,挥发率降低.     

广西城镇污泥掺烧利用组分特性的分析

对广西城镇污水处理厂污泥进行元素分析、组分分析、工业分析和热重分析,探讨污泥掺烧应用特性,为广西的污泥资源化利用提供数据。结果表明,污泥的元素组成与煤差别较大,如污泥中的氮元素含量为4.627%,高于煤的1.628%;污泥焚烧灰含有高达15%的Si O2;污泥的挥发分为34.6377%比煤的25.089%略高;污泥的焚烧可分为3个阶段,分别为水分析出阶段(室温~160℃)、挥发分析出燃烧阶段(160~500℃)、固定碳及剩余可燃物燃烧阶段(510~950℃),升温速率升高,挥发分析出阶段提前了约50℃,粒径对析出温度影响不大,但粒径小更利于干污泥燃烧。因此,广西污泥是一种低热值,燃烧剧烈的燃料,可以用于掺烧,焚烧灰分具有较高的建材价值。     

不同焚烧温度下开发区污泥焚烧渣分析

在不同焚烧温度条件下采用可控温管式炉焚烧开发区干污泥,对污泥焚烧渣中微观形貌、元素分布、矿物组成以及重金属总量及其形态进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,污泥焚烧渣在焚烧温度为900℃出现明显的结焦现象,在焚烧温度为1 100℃时焚烧渣结焦的微观表面致密。XRD分析发现温度的升高使污泥烧渣中出现NaA lS iO4等性质相当稳定的物质。不同重金属在底渣中的总量分布及其形态特征受焚烧温度的影响程度不同。焚烧温度的提高使污泥中重金属的残渣态比例增高,使污泥焚烧对环境的影响减小。     

烧结机共处置过程中重金属Cd、As的挥发特性研究

选取优级纯化学试剂Cd Cl2和As2S3来模拟危险废物中的重金属,按一定比例将其与烧结矿原料均匀混合后进行共处置煅烧。主要研究了在煅烧过程中Cd和As的挥发规律,同时对煅烧所得烧结矿进行消解实验求得固化的重金属量。实验结果表明,Cd的挥发率随着温度的升高和时间的增加而不断增大,直到达到一个平衡而不再继续增大,对Cd的挥发进行动力学模拟得到挥发率α与煅烧温度T和煅烧时间t的关系式为α=1-exp(-0.669exp(-3567.6/T)t)。而As则呈现出温度越高挥发率越低的规律,当温度为1 200℃时,煅烧75 min后As的挥发率仅为9.8%,即共处置过程中As与烧结矿原料发生化学反应而固化下来,挥发较少,可认为对人体健康和环境造成的危害较小。     

市政污泥焚烧过程中重金属迁移转化行为研究进展

焚烧已成为市政污泥处置或资源化利用的重要手段.焚烧过程会改变市政污泥中重金属的化合态和价态,从而影响其迁移转化行为.目前,国内外已对市政污泥焚烧过程中重金属的迁移转化行为开展了大量研究.梳理和归纳了市政污泥特性以及焚烧炉炉型、焚烧温度、停留时间、反应气氛和添加物等工况对重金属迁移转化行为影响的研究进展,并提出了未来仍需...     

污泥焚烧底灰中重金属残留特性的实验研究

利用原子吸收分光光度计和程序控制温升炉研究了沈阳市污水处理厂污泥在不同焚烧工况下重金属Cu、Cr、Cd、Zn、Ni和Pb在焚烧底灰中的残留特性。考察了升温速率、焚烧温度、含水率以及停留时间等因素对重金属在污泥底灰中的残留特性的影响。实验表明 ,Pb、Cd和Cu在灰渣中的残留率随着温度和停留时间的增加而降低。大部分的重金属元素Zn、Cu和Cr残留在灰渣中 ,Cd、Pb和Ni部分残留在灰渣中     

利用旋转炉热解城市污泥的产物特性

采用旋转管式加热炉实验台在惰性条件下对城市污泥进行了热解实验,系统研究了不同热解温度对气态产物和固态产物成分的影响。结果表明:污泥经热解后的产物在600℃时,比表面积最大值为158.02 m2/g,孔容最高为109.58 mm3/g。随着热解温度的升高,气态产物和液态产物的产率增加,而固态产物则减少。在热解温度450~750℃,热解产物中的固态产物产率由53.65%降至31.69%;气体产率从11.23%升至24.74%,其中H_2、CO、CO_2、CH_4、C_2H_4、C_2H_6和C_2H_2占总气体的75%以上,H_2含量随着热解温度的升高而升高。热解气中小分子碳氢化合物含量较高,600℃时热解气体中含氢气体主要包括:H_2、CH_4、C_2H_4、C_3H_8、正丁烷(C_4H_(10))及C_2H_6等,其中H_2和CH_4含量分别为27.98%和23.63%。CH4、C3H8、C_4H_(10)等气体的含量随着热解温度的升高呈现先增后减趋势,且在600℃达到最大值,C_2H_2、C_2H_6在450℃时其浓度最高。随着热解温度的升高,N、C和H3种元素在热解固态产物中的质量分数呈明显下降的趋势。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.