絮团形态的动态演变

实验考察了絮凝过程中广义絮团(包括单体颗粒、线状絮团、面状絮团及体状絮团)的黏性分维数、特征黏度、絮团的黏性组成等随絮凝时间的动态演变。结果表明,在絮凝过程中,单体颗粒的黏性分维数与其拓扑维数一致,其余各类絮团的黏性分维数均小于其对应的拓扑维数,其中线状絮团的分维数基本不受絮凝时间的影响,但面状絮团及体状絮团的分维数随絮凝过程的进行逐渐增大但最终趋于稳定;所有絮团的特征黏度与絮凝时间无关,其中线状、面状及体状絮团的特征黏度依次具有10~3、10~4和10~5的数量级;各类絮团的黏性组成随絮凝过程的进行表现出不同的变化态势。     

蒙脱石絮凝剂对疏浚底泥的絮凝快速分离

为了快速对污染的河道湖泊进行清淤,使用酸改性的蒙脱石絮凝剂(MTSF)对底泥泥水进行了一级强化处理研究。结果表明:MTSF对底泥泥水具有很好的絮凝效果,当MTSF为0.3 g时,上清液的Zeta电位大约为0 mV,浑浊的泥水变为清澈透明,此时浊度、NH_4~+-N、 TP、 SS和COD的去除率分别为98.8%、 29.8%、99.6%、97.7%和56.9%;C-PAM助凝剂的少量投加,有助于絮凝过程,MTSF为0.3 g,C-PAM为8 mg·L~(-1)时,上清液的浊度和COD将会进一步降低,分别从9.0 NTU和51.6 mg·L~(-1)减少到4.7 NTU和15.0 mg·L~(-1);C-PAM助凝剂能够将絮体进一步结团,形成更大的絮体,促进絮体的快速沉降,同时还有助于对水相中污染物的进一步去除。两者的结合可以减少MTSF用量,达到更好的效果。     

铁量、硅量与聚硅酸铁絮凝性能的关系

成功制备了具有良好稳定性的、不同铁硅比的聚硅酸铁(PFS),对高岭土悬浮液有很好的絮凝效果。实验结果表明:铁量是决定聚硅酸铁絮凝性能的主要因素,铁量在9~32 kg/t时,聚硅酸铁具有较好的絮凝性能,其最佳值在24~27 kg/t之间,此时上清液透光度达到95%以上。在最佳铁量范围内,硅量决定最终絮团体积的大小,硅量大则最终絮团体积大,上清液透光度略高,絮凝性能也略优。电动电位测定结果表明,在聚硅酸铁作用下高岭土颗粒表面电位由负变正。     

微生物絮凝剂PF-2的成分分析及絮凝机制研究

筛选得到的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)产生的絮凝剂——PF-2在处理高岭土悬浊液时,具有用量少、絮凝效果好等优点,对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达96.5%.呈色反应和紫外扫描的测定结果表明,PF-2大部分为胞外分泌的多糖,含有少量的核酸,提取后每升发酵液可制得絮凝剂粗品2.3 g;ζ电位测定及氢键和离子键检验结果表明,PF-2与高岭土颗粒之间的作用力为离子键;红外光谱扫描分析PF-2中含有O-H、C-H、C＝C和C-O-C等多糖的特征吸收峰;利用扫描电镜观察絮体形态表明,絮体结构密实,其絮凝机制为PF-2和高岭土以离子键的形式结合,之后通过架桥作用絮凝沉淀.     

短芽孢杆菌RL-2絮凝机理研究

由编号为RL-2的短芽孢杆菌(Bacillus brevis)产生的生物高分子,经研究发现是一种对高岭土悬液有较高絮凝活性的阴离子型絮凝剂.对絮凝剂的热处理及酶处理表明,其活性成分为多糖;经茚三酮试验,Molish反应,薄层色谱及红外光谱分析表明,该絮凝剂为一种阴离子型多糖絮凝剂;ζ电位测定及絮凝剂与高岭土颗粒之间结合键的检测表明,絮凝剂与高岭土颗粒间的结合力为氢键,絮凝过程基于"桥联"机理;絮凝剂和高岭土在絮凝剂的活性部位--多糖中的羟基或羧基以氢键相结合,经架桥作用絮凝沉淀.     

两种不同形态的铝盐混凝剂的吸附电中和特征

通过吸附历时过程,饱和吸附量,吸附过程Ｎａ＾＋离子交换释放,絮凝前后高岭土微粒的ζ电位测定等实验考察ＡｌＣｌ３（ＡＣ）和聚合铝两种不同形态的铝盐对高岭土悬浮水样的吸附电中和特征,并探讨了其作用机理。     

絮体破碎再形成行为的计算机模拟

为了深入探讨絮体破碎行为对其分形成长及结构的影响,借助一种简化的絮体破碎模式对絮体破碎/再形成过程进行计算机模拟。通过对比分析破碎前后虚拟絮体的形态特征及其统计特性,得出如下主要结论：（1）絮体发生破碎后,所形成碎片的形态特征直接影响着再形成絮体的形态及恢复程度;（2）絮体外围枝杈结构的破坏,有利于运动粒子进入絮体内部或者均匀地排列在凝聚核周围,改善絮体质心附近颗粒的空间分布,从而有效地提高其致密性和抗剪切破坏能力;（3）在絮体分形成长过程中,存在一个使其由各向同性向各向异性过渡的临界状态,之后发育良好的枝杈对其余枝杈生长的抑制作用增强。此外,在实际操作时还应严格控制絮凝体系的物化条件,不宜使絮体过度破碎,以获得较好的絮凝效果。     

臭氧气浮工艺絮体尺度与界面理化特性调控

针对臭氧气浮工艺对有机物脱色和去除性能的限制,通过阴、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(ployacrylamide,PAM)对以腐殖酸为代表的天然有机物絮体的尺度调控,采用气载絮体尺度、二维分形维数及絮体与微气泡间的接触角对PAM浓度梯度下形成的气载絮体进行了表征;研究了阴阳离子型PAM浓度梯度对腐殖酸的降解效果和气载絮体尺度;并探讨了阴阳离子型PAM、絮体与微气泡间的结合机理。结果表明:PAM的投加提高了臭氧气浮工艺中腐殖酸的去除性能,且气载絮体尺寸、分形维数和接触角均有所增大;在不同类型PAM中均存在最佳PAM剂量,在此剂量下,体系内去除效果、气载絮体大小和接触角最大、分形维数最小;在最佳PAM剂量下,与阴离子型PAM相比,阳离子型PAM形成气载絮体的大小和接触角较大,分形维数较小,且去除效果较好。在臭氧气浮体系中,通过改善PAM、絮体与微气泡结合静电作用力的强弱形成了利于气浮的气载絮体尺度,提高了对腐殖酸的去除效果。     

絮团粘性分维数的概念及其分析模型

水处理中的絮团具有复杂的形态结构,分维数是描述这种结构的有力工具。通过分析固液体系的粘度与絮团分维数之间的关系,提出了絮团粘性分维数的新概念及粘性分维数测定的数学物理模型,并进行了实验验证。与常用的质量分维数、边界分维数、面积分维数、体积分维数、表面积分维数等相比,絮团的粘性分维数及其测定模型具有易于测量、可同时表征不同类型絮团、可定量分析絮凝产品组成等特点,从而为絮团形态结构的定性及定量研究开辟了新的途径。     

水分散型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的絮凝性能及其机理

通过高岭土烧杯实验表征了P(CMTC-AM-DMC)的絮凝效率,考察了絮凝时间、介质酸度以及搅拌强度等因素对絮凝性能的影响,并借助絮凝-解絮凝-再絮凝过程中絮体的形态变化分析该絮凝剂的絮凝机理。结果表明:p H=6~8时,在150 r/min下搅拌20 min,絮凝效率大于90%;P(CMTC-AM-DMC)的絮凝效率及絮体沉降速度随搅拌强度增大而增大;300 r/min下搅拌5 min时,絮体沉降速度可达16 mm/s,继续增大搅拌速度,达到400 r/min时,絮凝效率在5 min内即可达到100%。P(CMTC-AM-DMC)絮体化程度较高,在高强度搅拌下破碎后,可迅速聚集恢复至初始状态,并迅速下沉,实现再絮凝。该絮凝剂在不同的p H下表现出不同的絮凝机理,p H=6时,借助电性中和、吸附架桥作用,絮凝效率较高,且絮体沉降较快;p H=10~12时,絮体沉降相对较慢,絮凝效率主要为颗粒卷扫的贡献。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.