填料对厌氧移动床生物膜反应器运行效果的影响

通过对装有不同填料的2个厌氧移动床生物膜反应器(R1和R2)的有机负荷、COD去除率、沼气产量及其组成、出水挥发性有机酸(VFA)和出水pH值的对比,得出在填料充填率相同、进水COD和进水pH相似的情况下,填料比表面积是影响厌氧移动床生物膜反应器运行效果的主要因素.R1中填料的比表面积为528 m2/m3,R2中填料比表面积为211m2/m3.在整个运行阶段,填料比表面较大的R1反应器的运行结果较好.试验结束时,R1与R2的有机负荷比为1.61,而R1与R2填料上的污泥量之比为4.42.     

天氧附着膜膨胀床反应器预处理有机氯农药废水的研究

针对有机氯农药废水可生化性差的特点，研究了采用厌氧膨胀床颗粒活性炭反应器对其预处理以提高可生化性的效果。未经处理的有机氯农药废水及经混凝、Fenton氧化处理后的有机氯农药废水分别进入厌氧反应器，在进水pH为6．8～7．2，水力停留时间为48h，有机物容积负荷为1．41～3．19kgCOD／m^2．d时，3种废水的出水B／C值分别为0．35、0．41和0．42；出水COD分别为1280、1050和659mg／L；出水色度分别为50倍（灰白）、20倍（灰白）和20倍（灰白）。从运行稳定、经济的角度，选择混凝一厌氧组合作为该农药废水的预处理工艺。研究提出采用单位表面面积生物膜底物降解速率LW作为厌氧膨胀床反应器的设计指标，并根据试验数据得出厌氧膨胀床颗粒活性炭反应器的动力学模型，为工程设计及运行管理提供依据。     

厌氧附着膜膨胀床反应器预处理有机氯农药废水的研究

针对有机氯农药废水可生化性差的特点,研究了采用厌氧膨胀床颗粒活性炭反应器对其预处理以提高可生化性的效果.未经处理的有机氯农药废水及经混凝、Fenton氧化处理后的有机氯农药废水分别进入厌氧反应器,在进水pH为6.8～7.2,水力停留时间为48 h,有机物容积负荷为1.41～3.19 kg COD/m3.d时,3种废水的出水B/C值分别为0.35、0.41和0.42;出水COD分别为1280、1050和659 mg/L;出水色度分别为50倍(灰白)、20倍(灰白)和20倍(灰白).从运行稳定、经济的角度,选择混凝-厌氧组合作为该农药废水的预处理工艺.研究提出采用单位表面面积生物膜底物降解速率LW作为厌氧膨胀床反应器的设计指标,并根据试验数据得出厌氧膨胀床颗粒活性炭反应器的动力学模型,为工程设计及运行管理提供依据.     

ASBBR处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

研究以超高盐榨菜腌制废水为对象，考察填料种类、负荷和温度对ASBBR启动及处理效能的影响。研究结果表明，在温度为30℃，盐度为7%（NaCl计），负荷为1 kg COD/（m³·d）的条件下，采用聚氨酯泡沫填料的反应器经67 d可成功构建超高盐榨菜腌制废水厌氧生物处理系统，较未设置填料、投加半软性组合填料、球形组合填料和聚苯乙烯泡沫填料的反应器分别缩短了26、6、24和18 d，且运行至第79天，可使出水COD降至375 mg/L，COD去除率为92.86%；通过对负荷的阶段逐步提高，可提升反应器有机负荷至15 kg COD/（m³·d），使进水COD为（27 000±2 000）mg/L的超高盐废水，出水COD均值降至2 200 mg/L ，平均去除率达到92.03%；温度对反应器处理效能影响显著，温度分别为30、25、20、15和10℃时，反应器COD去除率分别为92.63%、84.07%、67.13%、54.61%和44.19%。     

UASB处理硫酸盐有机废水的启动

为了考察上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)处理含硫酸盐有机废水的特性,采用有效容积为10 L的UASB,研究了启动运行过程中COD和SO2-4降解情况、出水VFA和pH值、产气量及颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性(SMA)变化状况。结果表明,接种厌氧颗粒污泥,保持进水COD为1 500 mg/L,SO2-4浓度为100 mg/L,将HRT由24 h缩短至12 h以提高负荷,经历55 d成功启动了UASB反应器;当HRT为12 h,进水COD和SO2-4负荷为3.0 kg/(m3·d)和0.20 kg/(m3·d),COD和SO2-4的去除率分别达到80%和89%,出水VFA为3 mmol/L,产气量达9.5 L/d,颗粒污泥的SMA为86.4 mL/(g VSS·d)。     

啤酒废水常温厌氧消化启动及运行实验

采用自行设计的复合式厌氧反应器在常温下对啤酒废水进行了厌氧发酵产沼气的实验研究,将进水COD控制在5 000 mg/L左右,采取逐步缩短HRT的方法来提高进水有机负荷,结果表明,启动运行41 d之后,产气量上升速度加快,反应器成功启动运行;在稳定运行过程中,随着负荷的升高,产气量呈阶梯式渐次上升,COD去除率保持在90%以上,出水pH值维持在7.0左右,TSS去除率达到60%以上,出水水质较好,说明该反应器具有较好的厌氧消化处理有机废水的能力。     

大型UASB处理阿维菌素废水厌氧污泥颗粒化研究

采用大型UASB反应器处理阿维菌素废水,接种好氧絮状污泥,经过189 d运行,成功实现了厌氧污泥颗粒化.通过调节反应器进水水质控制进水中阿维菌素浓度和长时间培养驯化,阿维菌素对厌氧消化的抑制影响基本消除.UASB反应器进水pH值4～5、COD 8890～12 100 mg/L、容积负荷达到10.5 kg COD/m3·d,COD去除率稳定在85%以上,出水COD为1308～1670 mg/L.     

UASB处理甲醇废水的实验研究

利用升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器在中温条件下处理高COD浓度的甲醇废水。当反应器稳定运行,进水COD=36 000 mg/L时,容积负荷可达到70~74 kg COD/(m3.d),COD去除率可以达到95%以上,出水COD2 000 mg/L。通过实验取得的良好实验效果,为利用厌氧技术处理甲醇废水提供了设计依据。     

新型厌氧反应器--USSB的启动研究

对上流式分段污泥床反应器在中温(35±2)℃下处理生活污水前的启动过程进行了试验研究.反应器经过40 d的启动后,当进水有机负荷为2.2 kg COD/m3·d时,其COD去除率能稳定在80%左右,出水pH值和碳酸氢盐碱度/VFA分别大于6.5和2,整个系统运行稳定.     

外循环式UASB反应器处理槟榔废水

在中温（35±2℃）条件下,利用外循环式UASB反应器处理中高有机浓度的槟榔加工废水,并着重探讨了水力停留时间（HRT）对厌氧消化的影响。研究表明,当反应器稳定运行,水力停留时间为1 d,进水COD浓度5 000 mg/L左右,容积负荷在2.53-5.25 kg COD/（m3·d）时,COD去除率在38%以上,出水COD〈3 000 mg/L,平均产气率为0.41 m3/kg COD;若水力停留时间延长至4 d,容积负荷为1.26-1.30 kg COD/（m3·d）,COD去除率可以达到79%,出水COD〈1 200 mg/L,出水可生化性下降,BOD5/COD平均为0.28,实验取得了良好的处理效果,为利用厌氧技术处理槟榔加工废水提供了设计依据。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。