氮磷钾和乙二胺四乙酸对镉污染三叶鬼针草的吸收特征研究

超富集植物的筛选是植物修复重金属污染土壤技术的核心内容.采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了Cd胁迫下添加营养元素N、P、K和螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)的生长反应和生理生化特性以及对Cd的吸收积累特征.盆栽试验结果显示,在Cd为10 mg/kg时,添加营养元素N、P、K和EDT...     

铀胁迫对植物光合特性的影响及植物对铀的吸收转移

在铀污染土壤的二次修复中,采用7科12种植物,研究铀胁迫对植物光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性的影响以及植物对铀的吸收、富集情况,为铀污染土壤的植物修复提供理论和方法依据。结果表明:(1)铀胁迫显著影响红圆叶苋、苍耳、美洲商陆、刺天茄和苘麻5种植物的光合效率,具体表现为叶片净光合速率(Pn)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加,初始荧光(F0)增加,光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭(qP)和最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmaxr)降低;而反枝苋、菊苣、鬼针草、向日葵和牛皮菜则对铀胁迫表现出较好的耐性。(2)酸模、鬼针草、苍耳和向日葵吸收富集铀的能力较强,在铀含量为485 mg/kg的二次修复土壤中生长3个月,体内积累的铀含量分别为363.57、91.87、75.80和65.42 mg/kg;而反枝苋、牛皮菜和美洲商陆吸收富集铀的能力较弱,体内的铀含量分别为16.20、15.11和12.36 mg/kg。(3)铀在植物体内的转移能力较差,器官间的铀富集能力一般表现为根叶茎果。综合比较而言,酸模、向日葵和鬼针草对铀的耐性较强、体内铀含量高,可作为铀污染土壤二次修复植物。     

污泥耐受性草本植物的筛选及其对重金属Cu、Zn的富集

为探索植物修复污泥中重金属污染的可行性,配制不同污泥含量的介质土开展盆栽实验,对从河南、云南和上海等地收集的抗逆性强的19种草本植物进行污泥适应性筛选；研究了植物对污泥的生理响应及其对重金属Cu、Zn的吸收和分布.结果表明,上海市浦东新区白龙港污水处理厂污泥农用是可行的,农用时污泥比例应控制在60％以下；筛选出三叶鬼针草、稗子、荆芥和金叶马兰4种污泥耐受性植物；三叶鬼针草具有修复重金属Cu、Zn污染土壤的潜力；稗子具有修复重金属Zn污染土壤的能力；金叶马兰具有修复重金属Cu、Zn污染土壤的能力.     

浙江省铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染及重金属超富集植物筛选

分别以浙江省境内富阳某铅锌矿区(FY)、淳安某铅锌矿区(CA)、诸暨某铅锌矿区(ZJ)和三门某铅锌矿区(SM)为研究对象,对铅锌矿区土壤的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd 4种重金属污染状况及其上生长的16种优势草本植物的重金属富集特征进行了研究。结果表明,FY、ZJ和SM的土壤均受Cd、Zn、Pb重度污染,而CA的土壤受Cd、Zn、Cu重度污染。4个铅锌矿区的Cd污染最严重,其次为Zn污染。CA的伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizincicola)和ZJ的紫花香薷(Elsholtzia argyi)地上部Cd质量浓度分别为571.2、218.7mg/kg,且富集系数和转运系数均超过1,达到了Cd超富集植物的标准,表明这两种植物均可能是Cd超富集植物。     

交换电极法强化电动修复铬污染土壤

pH值是影响污染土壤电动修复的主要因素。为此提出了交换电极法强化电动修复，并对该技术进行了实验研究。实验土壤Cr污染浓度为506.36 mg/kg，工作电压为1 V/cm，结果显示，固定电极方向运行模式下，运行2 d，产生聚焦效应，运行8 d，碱性区Cr(III)残留量和酸性区Cr(VI)残留量较大，分别是97.88 mg/kg和328 mg/kg，总铬去除率为59.04%。采用交换电极法，交换频率为4 d，运行8 d，总铬去除率为70.18%；交换频率为2 d，运行8 d，总铬去除率高达86.10%，土壤中总铬平均含量从506.36 mg/kg降至73.56 mg/kg，达到酸性土壤环境质量一级标准。该技术可控制土壤pH值在中性范围，电流密度高，不添加化学试剂，操作简单。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布特征

为探讨不同土地利用方式下土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布特征,对2种母质的自然土壤、耕作土壤、休耕土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布状况进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤表层养分元素含量总体表现为休耕土壤耕作土壤自然土壤,土壤表层重金属含量总体表现为农田土壤(耕作土壤和休耕土壤)自然土壤,耕作土壤与休耕土壤差异较小,土壤淀积层到母质层养分和重金属元素差异逐渐减小;土壤养分元素和Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd随土层深度的增加而减小,而Cr表现出相反的趋势;农田土壤耕作层有效钾含量最高可达215.6 mg·kg~(-1);耕作层Cd含量最高可达0.74 mg·kg~(-1)。3种土地利用方式中,休耕土壤养分和重金属含量相对较高,建议在休耕期间种植伴矿景天等重金属高积累植物进行植物修复。     

水葱修复土壤镉污染潜力的研究

野外观察与研究发现水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani G.)可以耐受土壤中高浓度的重金属污染,并对镉(Cd)有很高的生物富集量.实验室水培试验研究了两个主要因素,营养液pH与Cd含量,对水葱生物量以及Cd富集效果的影响.结果表明,它可耐受高浓度Cd (30 mg/L)和大范围pH变化 (3.7～7.7).当营养液pH为4.7, Cd为25 mg/L时,水葱富集的Cd达到最大值:地上部分264.71 mg/kg,地下部分234.39 mg/kg,平均转运系数1.13.这显示了它用于植物修复Cd污染土壤的潜力.     

菲污染土壤黑麦草/苜蓿间作修复效应

多环芳烃类化合物(PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的持久性有毒有机污染物,因具有强烈的"三致"作用,业已引起各国环境科学工作者的广泛关注,PAHs污染土壤的修复也已成为环境科学与工程领域的研究热点。以菲为PAHs的代表,研究了黑麦草/苜蓿间作对多环芳烃(菲)污染土壤的修复效应。通过温室盆栽模拟实验,观察到5 mg/kg和50 mg/kg污染水平没有明显抑制黑麦草和苜蓿的生长;黑麦草/苜蓿间作促进了植物对土壤菲的吸收,且间作体系根系富集系数大于单作;土壤中菲的可提取浓度随时间的延长逐渐减少,在菲重度污染土壤上,黑麦草/苜蓿间作修复效果明显优于单作,菲去除率可高达90.53%。因此,对于重度PAHs污染土壤该体系是一种有实际应用价值的间作修复体系。     

3种环保型淋洗剂对重金属污染土壤的淋洗效果

采用振荡淋洗法研究衣康酸(IA)、丙烯酸-2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸共聚物(AA/AMPS)和衣康酸-丙烯酸共聚物(IA-AA)在不同因素影响下对污染土壤Cd、Pb和Zn的淋洗效率。结果表明:3种淋洗剂对土壤Cd、Pb和Zn的去除率随其浓度增加而快速上升,随pH增加呈迅速下降和先升高后降低2种趋势,随淋洗时间总体呈上升趋势;3种淋洗剂在浓度为0.15 mol·L-1且pH为3时,对Cd和Zn去除率最高(39.34%~65.65%);在相同浓度和pH为5条件下对Pb的去除率最高(22.05%~50.62%)。其中IA-AA对Cd、Pb和Zn的去除率分别可达65.65%、50.62%和44.92%。它们去除的主要重金属组分为酸溶态、可还原态和部分可氧化态,且经IA和IA-AA淋洗的土壤养分损失相对较小。因此,IA-AA是修复Cd、Pb和Zn复合污染土壤有工程应用前景的淋洗剂。     

降解菌ZQ5与紫茉莉对芘污染土壤的联合修复

在温室盆栽条件下,通过单独种植紫茉莉、单独接种多环芳烃(PAHs)模式化合物芘的专性降解菌ZQ5和两者的联合修复的3种处理,对芘污染土壤的修复效果进行了研究。结果表明,经90 d修复后,植物-微生物联合修复可将人工污染土壤中的芘降解81.1%,将石油污染土壤中的芘降解50.3%,其修复效率明显高于其他2种处理,是紫茉莉修复的1.98倍,是降解菌ZQ5修复的1.39倍。ZQ5的不同接菌量对于修复60 d后的降解率影响不大。外源生物修复条件下,10～20 cm土壤的修复效率要高于5 cm土壤;自然降解条件下,5 cm土层降解率略高于其他土层。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.