MBR出水氯、紫外、臭氧单独与组合消毒

采用氯、紫外和臭氧单独与2种组合工艺对MBR工艺中试出水进行了消毒实验,研究了不同消毒方式对指示性微生物的去除效果以及消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)生成量随有效氯投加量的变化。结果表明,组合工艺消毒效果明显优于单独消毒效果,紫外剂量为25 mJ/cm2与有效氯投加量为3 mg/L的紫外与氯组合、臭氧投加量为6 mg/L与有效氯投加量为4 mg/L的臭氧与氯组合2种工艺消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群指标均满足《污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920-2002)的要求。THMs生成量随着有效氯投加量的增加而增加。相对紫外与氯组合消毒,臭氧与氯组合消毒可以大幅度降低THMs生成量,有效氯投加量为4 mg/L时,THMs生成浓度为14.11μg/L,比氯单独消毒过程降低了37.19%。     

焦化废水除氰工艺的优化研究

对某焦化厂生化出水进行了除氰研究。对硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法进行了优化,采用沉淀净化法对其出水进行深度处理,考察了工艺中不同影响因素对总氰化物(TCN)去除效果的影响。结果表明,硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法的最佳反应条件为pH 5.00、FeSO4·7H2O投加量500mg/L、反应时间15min、沉淀时间30min;在此条件下,当原水TCN质量浓度为3.1~4.1mg/L时,出水TCN质量浓度达到0.60~0.70mg/L,需作进一步的深度处理。采用沉淀净化法处理硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法出水的最佳反应条件为先同时投加药剂A和药剂B,投加量分别为150、0.75mg/L,反应15min后,再按2mg/L投加药剂C,继续反应3min,最终出水TCN质量浓度低于0.1mg/L,达到《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》(GB 16171—2012)要求(氰化物排放限值为0.2mg/L);在此条件下,单位废水处理的药剂成本合计约为0.25元/t。     

Fe2+/H2O2法处理草浆纸厂废水的影响因素研究

Fenton试剂作为一种具有强氧化性的试剂,广泛地应用于废水处理的研究中.通过正交实验对Fenton试剂处理废水的几种影响因素进行了讨论,得出了影响因素的次序:Fe2 的投加量＞H2O2的投加量＞pH值＞反应时间.同时得到Fenton试剂处理造纸废水的最佳工艺条件:pH=5.0,FeSO4·7H2O的投加量为5.93g/L,H2O2的投加量为8.8‰(体积百分比),搅拌时间0.5 h,COD值由原来的2167 mg/L降至187 mg/L,COD去除率达到91.37%.     

超声波/Fenton工艺降解微量邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和壬基酚效能的研究

研究了在超声波、Fenton不同体系中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和壬基酚(NP)的降解效果.通过正交实验得到超声波/Fenton工艺各个因素影响程度的大小为:H2O2投加量＞初始pH＞反应时间＞Fe2+投加量＞超声功率.最后得到降解250mL质量浓度为100 μg/L的DMP的最佳条件:H2 O2投加量为2 mmol/L、Fe2+投加量为0.40 mmol/L、初始pH为3.00、超声功率为1 800W、反应时间为120 min,降解率可达到85.96％;降解250mL质量浓度为100 μg/L的NP的最佳条件:H2O2投加量为4mmol/L、Fe2+投加量为0.50 mmol/L、初始pH为3.00、超声功率为1 800W、反应时间为120 min,降解率可达到78.70％.     

引黄水臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理及安全性研究

分析了山西省太原段的引黄水水质,探讨了臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理引黄水的适用性、处理效果及安全性。结果表明,引黄水原水中的COD含量较高,而Br-未检出,提示可以采用臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理;总体来说,臭氧低投加量(0.52～0.98mg/L)时的助凝效果更为显著,在不同的聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量下的除浊效果都优于常规混凝处理;单独投加臭氧时,随着臭氧投加量的增加,水体紫外吸光度(UV254)逐渐降低,当臭氧投加量为2.52mg/L时,UV254去除率为44%;虽然常规混凝处理即可控制出水的浊度和UV254,但由于混凝剂投加量大,综合效益较低,而臭氧预氧化在一定程度上能起到助凝作用,也能对水体UV254起到良好的控制作用;从甲醛、BrO3-产生量控制的角度来看,太原段引黄水水质适用臭氧预氧化强化混凝处理,安全性较好。     

西北地区地表水处理传统工艺高锰酸钾安全强化预氯化中试研究

为了比较西北地区沉淀与气浮工艺处理地表水效果的异同,并为水厂实际运行提供意见和参考,在中试条件下,以优化高锰酸钾预氧化的方式,降低前加氯的投量,增加助凝剂中高锰酸盐的投量和投加比例,通过系统实验筛选,发现对于混凝沉淀和混凝气浮工艺当PAFC投加量分别为16、9 mg·L~(-1),助凝剂为8、4.5 mg·L~(-1)时,2种工艺出水浊度均能控制在1 NTU左右。对于沉淀和气浮工艺,当PAFC投加量为16 mg·L~(-1),预氯化投氯量为0.4 mg·L~(-1),助凝剂中高锰酸钾比例为1.0%时,对水合三氯乙醛(CH)的形成控制效果最佳且相对比较经济,同时也可以更好地控制其他水质指标。     

H2O2预氧化颤藻及其复合高岭土除藻性能研究

为了降低给水中藻类浓度,以过氧化氢为预氧化剂,预氧化藻后加入的高岭土、PAC分别为助凝剂和絮凝剂,对混凝去除颤藻进行了研究.结果表明,H2O2具有显著预氧化抑制藻活性的功能,投加量为2.5 mg/L时可抑制其生长活性20 d以上.在实验水质条件下,通过正交实验得出最佳复配条件是:H2O2投加量为2.5 mg/L,预氧化...     

污水深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺运行性能与经济性分析

根据昆明市第一污水处理厂深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺的运行数据,评价了工艺出水水质及总磷(TP)去除效果,同时分析了混凝剂投加量及药剂费用。结果表明,微絮凝-D型滤池工艺出水TP平均浓度为0.15 mg/L,最优水平值为0.05 mg/L,95%保证值为0.37 mg/L,TP平均去除率为63.6%。出水悬浮固体(SS)浓度95%保证值为10 mg/L。混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)的投加量在1.5~4 mg Al2O3/L范围波动,去除单位TP的PAC投加量平均值为16.7 mg Al2O3/mg-P,投加比为2~8 mol-Al/mol-P。当投加比超过5时,出水TP浓度可达到0.3 mg/L以下。吨水PAC成本平均值为0.017元/t。     

高锰酸盐复合药剂强化混凝改善再生水景观湖水质研究

实验通过投加助凝剂以强化混凝沉淀过程,从而达到去除再生水景观水中的藻类。以PAC为混凝剂,高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)为预氧化助凝剂,通过烧杯实验确定PPC、PAC同时投加,最佳投量分别为1 mg/L、60 mg/L。生产性实验中,机械加速澄清池强化混凝对TP、叶绿素、藻密度的去除率分别为54%、32.3%和35.4%,湖水中TP、TN逐渐降低分别由4.9 mg/L、23 mg/L降至0.72 mg/L、10.3 mg/L。PPC提高了混凝沉淀对藻类的去除效果,改善了再生水景观湖水质,降低水中氮磷营养盐的含量。     

紫外/TiO_2/H_2O_2去除水中聚丙烯酰胺的研究

采用紫外(UV)/TiO_2/H_2O_2去除水中聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),研究了H_2O_2投加量、TiO_2投加量、UV光照强度以及PAM初始浓度等因素对PAM去除效果的影响,并对降解体系是否产生丙烯酰胺单体(AM)进行验证。试验结果表明,在20℃、H_2O_2投加量为20mmol/L、催化剂TiO_2投加量为10mg/L、PAM初始质量浓度为100mg/L,UV光照强度为140μW/cm~2时,反应120min后的PAM去除率达97.4%,且无AM产生。     

Effects of nitrosation on the formation of cyanide in publicly owned treatment works secondary effluent.

Cyanide has been detected in the effluents of some publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) at levels exceeding the influent concentration. The presence of nitrite ion (NO2-) as a common constituent in domestic wastewater effluents may play an important role in the formation of cyanide through reaction with certain kinds of organic compounds, especially aromatic compounds. Laboratory studies with seven organic compounds (aniline. p-toluidine, phenol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, L-serine, glycine, and benzoic acid) revealed that cyanide can be formed by reaction of nitrite with some of these compounds. The most substantial free cyanide (HCN. CN-) production observed at 25 degrees C was 0.15 mg/L from reaction of 0.01 mM 1.2.4-trihydroxybenze with 5 mg/L nitrite for 72 hours. Substantial free cyanide formation was also observed at pH 2-4 in experiments with POTW effluents when reactive organics and nitrite were both added to wastewater. Formation of cyanide through nitrosation was strongly pH dependent, being most significant at low pH (2 to 4) and negligible at neutral-to-high pH. This result points to nitrous acid (HNO2) as being more reactive than the dissociated NO2- ion. The reaction of these nitrite species with organics also occurs in conventional analyses for total cyanide which involve distillation under strongly acidic conditions. Sufficient sample pretreatment with sulfamic acid at the time of sampling, not at the time of analysis. is highly recommended to prevent biasing analytical measurement of total cyanide in POTW effluents.     

焦化废水中COD、挥发酚和硫氰化物同步高效去除

采用两级膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器在微氧条件下处理焦化废水,考察了该工艺对焦化废水中挥发酚、硫氰化物、氰化物和COD的去除效果。研究结果表明,在进水流量为1 L/h,总水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h的条件下,两级EGSB反应器对COD的去除效果较好。稳定运行时,在进水挥发酚为56.8~185.1 mg/L、硫氰化物为287.1~539.9 mg/L、氰化物为0.17~0.72 mg/L的条件下,系统对其平均去除率分别为99.9%、96.8%和82.6%,出水挥发酚和氰化物均能达到《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》的一级标准。进水COD浓度在1 084~1 880 mg/L之间,平均去除率为76.9%,出水平均浓度为325 mg/L。     

Phytotoxicity of Cyanide to Weeping Willow Trees

Background Cyanide is found predominantly in industrial effluents generated by metallurgical operations. It is an extremely toxic compound, so that problems and catastrophic accidents have recently occurred all around the globe. The goal of this study was to determine the toxicity of cyanide to a Chinese willow species, and to determine the removal capacity. Methods The toxicity of potassium cyanide (KCN) to weeping willow trees (Salix babylonica L.) was tested. The normalized, relative transpiration of the plants was used to determine the phytotoxicity of cyanide. The cyanide removal capacity of weeping willows was also determined. Results and Discussion In hydroponic solution, no chlorosis of leaves and only a small reduction in normalized relative transpiration was observed when weeping willows were exposed to low doses of cyanide (0.93 mg CN/L). Severe signs of toxicity were found for the treatment groups exposed to higher doses of cyanide (9.3 mg CN/L). Weeping willows grown in sandy soils survived the entire period (216 hours) without any toxic effect when irrigated with low doses of cyanide (3.72 mg CN/L). High doses of cyanide (18.6 mg CN/L) in irrigation water were fatal for the weeping willows within 216 hours. EC50 values for a 50% inhibition of the transpiration of the trees were estimated to be between 3.27 and 8.23 mg CN/L, depending on the duration of the exposure. Conclusions The results obtained for the Chinese willow species Salix babylonica were very similar to those obtained for the European species S. viminalis in earlier studies. Phytotoxic effects were only found at high doses of cyanide. A large proportion of applied cyanide was removed from the contaminated media in the presence of weeping willows. This gives rise to the conclusion that the metabolism of cyanide by weeping willows is possible. Recommendations and Outlook Cyanide elimination with trees seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide. A full-scale treatment has been installed in Denmark. For phytoremediation projects in China, weeping willow could be a suitable species. The tree can tolerate and remove cyanide, and it is a native Chinese species. Besides, the tree is of outstanding beauty and is planted as a common park tree in many parts of the world.     

Formation of free cyanide and cyanogen chloride from chloramination of publicly owned treatment works secondary effluent: laboratory study with model compounds.

The potential generation of cyanide species in wastewater upon chlorination in the presence of residual ammonia (resulting in chloramine formation) was investigated in experiments with synthetic solutions and publicly owned treatment works (POTW) secondary effluent. This study demonstrated that low concentrations (approximately 5 to 25 microg/L as cyanide) of cyanogen chloride (CNCI), a highly toxic cyanide species not measured in total or free cyanide analyses, could be detected as a result of chloramination reactions in POTW secondary effluent. The potential for chloramination of nitrogen-bearing organic compounds to yield CNCl and/or free cyanide was demonstrated in experiments with synthetic solutions spiked with selected precursor organics: L-serine, benzene, catechin, and humic acid. The amino acid L-serine yielded the largest concentrations of CNCI upon chloramination. Additionally, detectable cyanide (approximately 10 microg/L) was observed in solutions of L-serine and in POTW secondary effluent that was chloraminated followed by dechlorination to prevent destruction of any free cyanide produced. Thus, chlorination of POTW secondary effluent containing residual ammonia can lead to chloramination of organic compounds and the resulting production of CNCl and free cyanide.     

Cyanide Removal by Chinese Vegetation. Quantification of the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics (6 pp)

Background Little is known about metabolism rates of environmental chemicals by vegetation. A good model compound to study the variation of rates among plant species is cyanide. Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Knowledge of the kinetic parameters, the half-saturation constant (Km) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax), is very useful for enzyme characterization and biochemical purposes. The goal of this study is to find the enzyme kinetics (KM and vmax) during cyanide metabolism in the presence of Chinese vegetation, to provide quantitative data for engineered phytoremediation, and to investigate the variation of metabolic rates of plants. Methods Detached leaves (1.0 g fresh weight) from 12 species out of 9 families were kept in glass vessels with 100 mL of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide at 23°C for 28 h. Four different treatment concentrations of cyanide were used, ranging from 0.44 to 7.69 mg CN/L. The disappearance of cyanide from the aqueous solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Realistic values of the half-saturation constant (KM) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax) were estimated by a computer program using non-linear regression treatments. As a comparison, Lineweaver-Burk plots were also used to estimate the kinetic parameters. Results and Discussion The values obtained for KM and vmax varied with plant species. Using non-linear regression treatments, values of vmax and KM were found in a range between 6.68 and 21.91 mg CN/kg/h and 0.90 to 3.15 mg CN/L, respectively. The highest vmax was by Chinese elder (Sambucus chinensis), followed by upright hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica). The lowest vmax was demonstrated by the hybrid willow (Salix matssudana x alba). However, the highest KM was found in the water lily (Nymphea teragona), followed by the poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh). The lowest KM was demonstrated by corn (Zea mays L.). The values of vmax were normally distributed with a mean of 13 mg CN/kg/h. Conclusions Significant removal of cyanide from aqueous solution was observed in the presence of plant materials without phytotoxicity, even at high doses of cyanide. This gives rise to the conclusion that the Chinese plant species used in this study are all able to efficiently metabolize cyanide, although with different maximum metabolic capacities. A second conclusion is that the variation of metabolism rates between species is small. All these plants had a similar KM, indicating the same enzyme is active in all plants. Recommendations and Outlook Detoxification of cyanide with trees seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide. For phytoremediation projects, screening appropriate plant species adapted to local conditions should be seriously considered. More chemicals should be investigated to find common principles of the metabolism of environmental chemicals by plants.     

新型活性炭固定化产品的制备及其处理焦化废水的特性

为解决优势菌种工程应用,研究不同固定化方法、载体和结构的固定化产品对焦化废水的降解特性。用活性炭粉末吸附菌种后,与聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠混合制备了新型固定化球;用聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠包埋吸附菌种的活性炭纤维毡,与立体弹性塑料填料连用,制备出3种不同形状的活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料。将游离菌和制备的4种活性炭固定化产品投入A/A/O工艺系统平行实验,考察处理焦化废水的效果。结果表明,活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料对焦化废水的降解能力优于其他固定化产品:缺氧池出水硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分别稳定在1.96 mg/L和0.49 mg/L,未产生氮的累积现象,COD去除率可达到60.92%。好氧池COD和氨氮降解效率分别为78.83%和85.52%,苯酚、氰化物降解效率均为97%以上。     

电混凝处理电镀综合废水

采用电混凝法处理酸性电镀综合废水，首先研究了不同电流密度对总氰化物、重金属和化学需氧量（COD）去除率的影响。实验结果表明，电混凝可有效去除酸性电镀综合废水中的氰化物与重金属。随着电流密度的增大，总氰化物与重金属的去除率逐渐提高。当电流密度为10mA／cm2时，废水中残留的总氰化物、Cu2＋、Ni2＋、Cr6＋和Zn2＋ 的浓度分别为23．0、25．0、4．5、0．2和0．2mg／L。为了进一步提高去除率，在电化学体系中添加H2O2，随着H2O2投量的增大，总氰化物、重金属、COD去除率不断提高。当H2O2投量为3mL／L时，处理过废水中残留总氰化物、Cu2＋、Ni2＋、Cr6＋、Zn2＋和COD的浓度分别为0．2、2．0、3．0、1．5、0．1和220mg／L。     

High levels of activity of bats at gold mining water bodies: implications for compliance with the International Cyanide Management Code

Wildlife and livestock are known to visit and interact with tailings dam and other wastewater impoundments at gold mines. When cyanide concentrations within these water bodies exceed a critical toxicity threshold, significant cyanide-related mortality events can occur in wildlife. Highly mobile taxa such as birds are particularly susceptible to cyanide toxicosis. Nocturnally active bats have similar access to uncovered wastewater impoundments as birds; however, cyanide toxicosis risks to bats remain ambiguous. This study investigated activity of bats in the airspace above two water bodies at an Australian gold mine, to assess the extent to which bats use these water bodies and hence are at potential risk of exposure to cyanide. Bat activity was present on most nights sampled during the 16-month survey period, although it was highly variable across nights and months. Therefore, despite the artificial nature of wastewater impoundments at gold mines, these structures present attractive habitats to bats. As tailings slurry and supernatant pooling within the tailings dam were consistently well below the industry protective concentration limit of 50 mg/L weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide, wastewater solutions stored within the tailings dam posed a minimal risk of cyanide toxicosis for wildlife, including bats. This study showed that passively recorded bat echolocation call data provides evidence of the presence and relative activity of bats above water bodies at mine sites. Furthermore, echolocation buzz calls recorded in the airspace directly above water provide indirect evidence of foraging and/or drinking. Both echolocation monitoring and systematic sampling of cyanide concentration in open wastewater impoundments can be incorporated into a gold mine risk-assessment model in order to evaluate the risk of bat exposure to cyanide. In relation to risk minimisation management practices, the most effective mechanism for preventing cyanide toxicosis to wildlife, including bats, is capping the concentration of cyanide in tailings discharged to open impoundments at 50 mg/L WAD.     

城市给水厂常规工艺铬（Ⅵ）去除风险分析与应急处理方法研究

铬（Ⅵ）是突发性水污染常见污染物之一。研究表明，我国给水厂常规工艺出水铬（VI）超标风险较高，当污染强度为0．20m∥L时，投加混凝剂（PAFC）100mg／L，出水铬（VI）浓度为0．10mg／L，无法满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749．2006）0．05mg／L的要求。活性炭吸附法不是理想的铬（Ⅵ）应急处理方法，当污染强度为0．114～0．794mg／L时，在未调节原水pH（7～8）的条件下，增加活性炭投加量，去除效果无明显改善，出水铬（Ⅵ）浓度大于0．05mg／L。硫酸亚铁还原沉淀法是可行的铬（Ⅵ）污染应急处理方法，当铬（Ⅵ）污染强度为2．00mg／L，pH为7～8时，投加硫酸亚铁16mg／L，铬（Ⅵ）去除率达99．1％，出水铬（VI）与铁浓度分别为0．019和0．021mg／L，满足标准要求，改变硫酸亚铁投加量可满足不同污染强度下应急处理的需要。     

电子工业光致抗蚀剂乳化废水预处理试验研究

研究了光致抗蚀剂乳化废水用硫酸和含钙辅助破乳分离出有机物沉淀的预处理工艺。确定了最合适的预处理工艺参数和流程；用GC／MS法分析了废水的组成和浓度，并探讨了有机物的去除机理。试验结果表明，pH值控制在3，辅助剂A的浓度为300mg/L、静置时间为60min时，是最合适的工艺条件，废水的CODcr值从15600mg/L下降到3542mg/L，CODcr的去除率达77.4%，投加辅助剂后既提高了有机物的去除率，又改善了沉淀物的过滤性能，从而有利于降低后续工艺的处理成本。