自配消解液分光光度法测定污水中的COD

以自配消解液代替ThermoFisher公司AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液，比较了自配消解液分光光度法与国家标准重铬酸钾法(GB 11914-1989)测定化学需氧量(COD)的差异。对比试验表明，自配消解液分光光度法测定COD的结果精确度和准确度高，与国家标准方法无显著性差异。自配消解液分光光度法测定水样COD值的相对标准偏差;低量程(30～150 mg/L)为1.38%～2.53%，中量程(0～1 500 mg/L)为0.47%～3.63%，高量程（2 000～15 000 mg/L）为0.17%～3.53%，在国家标准方法测试水样COD值的允许误差范围内。除制革废水外，自配消解液可以代替AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液，适用不同量程范围内污水COD的测定。自配消解液分光光度法具有试剂使用量少、速度快、经济、二次污染小等优点，值得在环境科学领域及废水水质监测中推广应用。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境空气中的锡

研究了硝酸-双氧水体系消解、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法，测定环境空气中的锡。采用抗坏血酸和磷酸二氢铵作混合基体改进剂，热解涂层石墨管，塞曼扣背景。方法的检测限为3．56μg／L，实际样品回收率为90．6％～102％。     

冷原子吸收法测定土壤和沉积物中总汞的影响因素研究

冷原子吸收法测汞是一种灵敏度高、干扰较少、准确快速的分析方法,虽然目前对冷原子吸收法测汞的报道不少,但对其影响因素的研究至今未见文献系统报道。本文对各种影响因素进行了研究,确定了测汞的最佳条件。同时,本文对土壤和沉积物试样的预处理也进行了探讨,采用HNO_3—HClO_4—HF体系高压密闭消解法进行消解,并与常规的H_2SO_4-HNO_3-KMnO_4常压消解法进行了比较。结果表明前者重现性好,精密度、准确度均令人满意,样品回收率在95％～101％;而后者重现性相对较差,回收率在90％～110％。虽然采用别的体系高压密闭消解法消解底质样品测定汞已有报道,但由于HNO_3-HClO_4-HF介质高压加热消解法在土壤和沉积物中测定Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn等重金属已得到了成功的应用,这样在测定汞及其他重金属元素时,预处     

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定土壤中的汞

建立了微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定土壤中汞的方法。对微波消解条件、样品粒度等进行了优化,用3 mL硝酸和2 mL盐酸的混合酸作消解溶剂,在设定的微波条件下汞提取完全。用3%的盐酸作为反应载流,0.01%硼氢化钾与0.5%氢氧化钠的混合液为还原剂,直接定容后应用HG-AFS测定,通过测定国家标准参考物质和加标回...     

高压溶样法在土壤和沉积物消解中的应用

本文介绍了高压溶样在土壤及沉积物消解中的应用。将试样置于聚四氟乙烯高压溶样罐中,加入消解波,密闭容器,在160℃加热4小时。冷却后将消解液在电热板上蒸至近于,用0.5％HNO_3定容待测。比较了硝酸—高氯酸—氢氟酸、硝酸—高氯酸、硝酸和王水—高氯酸四种消解液的高压溶样效果,以硝酸—高氯酸—氢氟酸消解为最佳。用该法消解、原子吸收法测定了土壤和沉积物参考样的Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Ph和Zn结果与参考值符合很好,平均标准偏差小于5％。高压溶样消解土壤及沉积物试样,分解效率高,环境污染小,是一种比较理想的消解方法。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定化妆品中的汞

建立了以微波消解一原子荧光法，测定化妆品中痕量汞的方法，汞浓度在1．00～50．00ug／L范围内，与荧光强度呈线性关系，线性方程为，If=973．8196c-3．2842，相关系数r=0．9998，汞的检出限为0．027ug／L。汞的相对标准偏差为2．47％，加标回收率为90．8％～95．3％。环境标准样品测定结果与标准值相吻合。所测样品中，汞含量均在国标限值范围之内。     

不同消解方法对微塑料质量及其表面特征的影响

为提高微塑料检测的准确性,以10种不同材质的微塑料作为研究对象,使用7种常用的消解液,通过室内实验的方法对消解前后微塑料的质量、荧光强度、表面形态等进行了研究。结果表明:在7种不同的消解方法中,经H_2O_2(30%,25℃)消解后,微塑料质量减少了2%～5%,消解后微塑料表面荧光强度略有减弱,表面形态和元素组成变化轻微;在FT-IR红外图谱中,微塑料颗粒的特征峰仍存在,对于微塑料识别无显著影响;而其他6种消解方法均在不同程度上降低了微塑料的质量,并对微塑料表面造成了划痕、深裂缝和鳞状裂片等破坏。以上结果可为环境中微塑料的检测和定量分析提供参考。     

垃圾渗滤液中砷的微波消解—石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定方法研究

优化并建立了垃圾渗滤液中砷的微波消解—石墨炉原子吸收光谱(GFAAS)测定方法,以实现复杂环境介质中砷的定量分析。GFAAS测定的最佳条件为灰化温度600℃、原子化温度2 200℃、基体改进剂Pd(10mg/L)8μL。微波消解最佳条件为消解液HNO_3∶H_2O_2(体积比)2.8∶0.2、消解温度166℃、消解时间38min。优化条件下,测得某垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液中砷质量浓度平均为176.80μg/L,加标回收率为91.7%～100.9%,相对偏差均小于5%,方法准确、可靠。     

污染土壤毒性研究方法进展

综述了国内外有关污染土壤毒性研究方法，包括传统的方法如植物法、动物法和微生物法等和生态毒理学方法，并从生物、非生物和环境等方面论述了影响土壤毒性的因素，提出了当前土壤污染毒性研究方法中存在的问题，认为随着环境科学技术的发展，污染土壤毒性研究方法在环境保护中必将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

生物质炭对污染土壤中的镉生物有效性及阿特拉津消解的影响

通过室内土培实验,研究添加1%在300℃和700℃制备的甘蔗叶生物质炭(BCst-300、BCst-700)和蚕沙生物质炭(BCse-300、BCse-700)对复合污染土壤中镉生物有效性和阿特拉津消解的影响;从土壤p H值、阳离子交换量、有机碳和微生物生物量碳、氮的变化初步探讨添加生物质炭影响土壤镉生物有效性和阿特拉津消解的机理。研究表明,添加生物质炭显著降低了土壤镉的生物有效性,同时加快了阿特拉津的生物降解,培养结束(60 d)时,添加BCst-300、BCst-700、BCse-300和BCse-700土壤中有效镉含量分别比对照降低了23.03%、31.43%、47.84%和38.69%,阿特拉津消解率分别比对照提高了12.45%、7.85%、49.10%和40.76%,其中蚕沙生物质炭对降低土壤镉的有效性以及促进阿特拉津生物降解效果优于甘蔗叶生物质炭,且BCse-300的效果最为显著。相关性分析结果表明,土壤镉的生物有效性与土壤p H值和阳离子交换量呈极显著负相关性,说明提高土壤p H值和阳离子交换量是外源生物质炭降低土壤镉的生物有效性的重要机制;阿特拉津残留量与土壤p H值、阳离子交换量、微生物生物量碳、氮均呈极显著负相关性,表明生物质炭可以通过改变土壤p H值、阳离子交换量、微生物生物量碳、氮从而促进土壤中阿特拉津的降解。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.