柚子皮制备生物炭吸附苯酚的特性和动力学

廉价的柚子皮作为原材料制备生物炭吸附剂对含苯酚废水进行吸附研究。扫描电镜结果表明,柚子皮制备的生物炭具有较好表面吸附空间结构,比表面积测定为261.69 m2/g。此外,能谱对柚子皮生物炭元素分析发现,生物炭主要含有C、O、P、K,这些是生物质特点。红外对柚子皮生物炭分析发现生物炭含有羟基、氨基、羰基、羧基、磷酸酯或者硫酸酯等活性基团,这些是吸附苯酚的特性官能团。在初始浓度为100 mg/L,投加量为3 g/L,中性pH,30℃条件下吸附30 min后柚子皮生物炭对苯酚的去除率达到76.4%。伪二级动力学方程能很好地拟合柚子皮生物炭对苯酚的吸附过程。同时,Langmiur和Freundlich等温方程在整个温度都能较好地拟合数据,在30℃时,Langmuir理论最大吸附容量可达到49.75 mg/g。通过实际废水应用实验,表明柚子皮生物炭是一种有潜力可用于高浓度含酚废水的处理的有效材料。     

非活体生物质对水中活性艳红X-3B的吸附研究

研究了4种非活体生物质(米酒糟、花生壳、柚子皮、稻草秸秆)对模拟废水中活性艳红X-3B的吸附条件及吸附机理。结果表明,活性艳红X-3B初始浓度为100 mg/L、pH为1.0~2.0、吸附剂浓度为10 mg/L时,4种吸附剂对活性艳红X-3B的吸附率可达到80%。吸附在60 min左右达平衡后最大吸附量的顺序为:米酒糟(58.8 mg/g)花生壳(28.0mg/g)柚子皮(23.6 mg/g)稻草秸秆(19.5 mg/g)。在达最大吸附率时,米酒糟的用量可减少一半、pH范围可宽为1.0~6.0,且吸附量是另三者的2倍以上。综合比较,米酒糟具有较强的吸附废水中活性艳红X-3B的能力,可作为废水中活性染料的吸附剂使用。而花生壳、柚子皮和稻草秸秆的吸附能力相对较弱,不是理想的吸附材料。数学模型模拟表明,米酒糟和柚子皮的吸附过程更符合Freundlich方程,而花生壳和稻草秸秆更符合Langmuir方程;动力学研究表明4种吸附剂的吸附拟合更符合拟二级动力学方程。     

胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂对水中阳离子染料的吸附

以麻黄废渣为原料,采用环氧氯丙烷和二乙烯三胺对其进行化学改性,得到麻黄废渣的改性产物。将其应用到中性红和亚甲基蓝2种染料模拟废水的吸附实验,并研究了p H值、吸附剂用量、吸附时间等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明,在p H值为5.5,吸附温度为25℃的条件下,用4 g/L的胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂吸附初始浓度为1 000 mg/L的中性红溶液0.5 h,去除率为99.89%;用10 g/L的胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂吸附初始浓度为500 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液1 h,去除率为99.38%。改性吸附剂对中性红和亚甲基蓝的吸附可以用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,根据Langmuir方程,25℃时胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂对中性红和亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量分别为362.3 mg/g和152.7 mg/g。实验结果显示,胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂是一种吸附性能优异的吸附剂,用于处理染料废水有较好的应用前景。     

聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附

制备了聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂,对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析。采用批处理方法实验了pH、铜离子初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂用量对吸附量的影响,研究了等温吸附模型和吸附动力学模型。优化后的吸附条件为:在铜离子溶液体积50 mL、初始浓度为300 mg/L、pH为6.0时,吸附剂投放量50 mg、吸附时间60 min,此时吸附量达到269.1 mg/g,去除率达89.7%。25℃时在研究浓度范围内,铜离子吸附过程用Langmuir等温线模型和Freundlich等温线模型描述均可;与准一级动力学方程、Elovich方程及内扩散方程相比,准二级动力学方程能更好地描述其吸附动力学过程。     

小麦秸秆生物碳质吸附剂对硝基苯的吸附性能

在炭化温度为300℃下,用小麦秸秆制备生物碳质吸附剂,研究生物碳质吸附剂对硝基苯废水的吸附性能.考察了pH值、温度、吸附时间和吸附剂投加量对吸附效果的影响,分析了吸附剂在水中对硝基苯的吸附机理.结果表明,在pH值为7,温度为25℃,吸附时间为8h,吸附剂投加量为3 g/L条件下,生物碳质吸附剂对硝基苯的去除率达到90％.等温吸附曲线符合Freundlich方程,最大吸附量约为92.37 mg/g.定量描述了分配作用与表面吸附对生物碳质总的吸附作用的贡献,炭化后的小麦秸秆非极性增强,使硝基苯与其的极性更为匹配,引起分配作用增大.     

海藻酸钠固化香蕉皮粉吸附染料废水

利用海藻酸钠固化农业废弃物-香蕉皮粉制备成吸附剂,以甲基紫为例,对有机染料废水进行吸附研究,考察吸附时间,温度和甲基紫/吸附剂用量比对吸附的影响。实验结果表明,该吸附剂能有效地吸附掉溶液中的甲基紫,其吸附率随温度的增加而下降,最佳吸附时间为2 h,甲基紫/吸附剂的最佳用量比为1∶5。在25℃、pH 7、甲基紫起始浓度10 mg/L,吸附剂浓度50 mg/L的条件下,吸附2 h,吸附率为92.64%,吸附量为185.3 mg/g。研究了相应的Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温线和准一级、准二级动力学方程,结果表明甲基紫的吸附动力学数据与Freundlich吸附等温线和准二级动力学方程有更好的相关性,同时该吸附剂具有较好的重复利用率。     

FeCl_3改性柚子皮吸附去除水中的砷

以生物质废弃物柚子皮为主要原料,通过在柚子皮粉中加入FeCl_3进行改性,将该改性产物用于吸附去除水中的砷。该改性柚子皮的制备条件为柚子皮粉:FeCl_3质量比为50∶1,常温下加水混合均匀,在(85±2)℃条件下烘24 h后粉碎。当水中砷离子浓度为1.5~30 mg·L~(-1),pH值为2~9,吸附剂投加量为10 g·L~(-1),吸附反应温度为20℃的条件下,吸附反应30 min后达到平衡,去除率最高达到96.19%,单位吸附量q最大值为1.86 mg·g~(-1)。该吸附反应符合Freundlich等温方程,该去除机制可能以金属沉淀、静电吸附、絮凝作用和共沉淀作用为主。研究表明该改性吸附材料可自动调节废水pH值,操作简单,无二次污染,考虑用作中等浓度含砷废水的预处理,有利于生物质废弃物的资源化利用。     

草酸改性柚子皮对废水中镉离子的吸附性能

以粗柚子皮(PP)为吸附剂原材料,以草酸为改性剂制备出了改性柚子皮吸附剂(MPP)。采用批量实验研究了改性吸附剂对水中Cd(Ⅱ)吸附的影响因素(如溶液pH、吸附剂用量、接触时间和Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度)、吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力学等,并讨论了其吸附机理。在溶液初始pH为5.0、吸附剂投加量为5 g/L、Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度为50 mg/L条件下,吸附剂MPP对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附平衡时间为120 min,其吸附率可维持在95.63%以上。吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温模型描述。热力学分析结果显示,吸附剂(MPP)对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附是吸热反应,且能自发进行。     

FeCl_3改性柚子皮对水中Cr~(6+)的吸附

以生物质废弃物柚子皮为主要原料,通过在柚子皮粉中加入FeCl_3进行改性,将该改性产物用于吸附去除废水中的Cr~(6+)。该改性柚子皮的制备条件为柚子皮粉∶FeCl_3质量比为100∶1,常温下加水混合均匀,在(85±2)℃条件下烘24 h后粉碎。当水中Cr~(6+)离子浓度为5 mg·L~(-1),pH值为6.3,吸附剂投加量为3 g·L~(-1),吸附反应温度为10℃的条件下,吸附反应1 h后达到平衡,吸附效率为97%以上。该吸附反应符合Langmuir等温方程,反应主要机理包括物理吸附、化学吸附、络合作用、絮凝作用、共沉淀作用等。研究表明,该改性吸附材料可自动调节废水pH值,成本低廉,操作简单,效果好,无二次污染,适合处理低浓度含铬废水,有利于生物质废弃物的资源化利用。     

中性红在柚子皮上的吸附机制研究

采用柚子皮作为生物吸附材料吸附去除中性红。研究了中性红的初始浓度、吸附时间及反应温度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,当中性红溶液从100 mg/L升高到250 mg/L时,反应95 min后,柚子皮对中性红的吸附量从16.80 mg/g增加到40.00mg/g。中性红在柚子皮上的吸附在60 min内基本上可以达到平衡,且柚子皮对中性红的吸附过程为放热过程;二级吸附动力学方程能更好地描述中性红在柚子皮上的吸附行为;中性红在柚子皮孔隙中的扩散不是唯一的吸附速率控制步骤,这个吸附过程可能受多个步骤共同控制;柚子皮对中性红的吸附是自发吸附,Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温式能很好地拟合柚子皮对中性红的吸附过程,拟合相关系数分别达到了0.991 8、0.993 4、0.989 0。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.