紫外分光光度法测定水中油的准确性问题

水和废水中油的测定方法有重量法、非分散红外法、紫外分光光度法和萤光法。其中紫外分光光度法因操作简单、灵敏度高成为国内较为广泛采用的方法之一。紫外分光光度法测定水中油,要求标准油最好用脱芳烃石油醚从待测水样中萃取油品,蒸馏精制而得。但在实行中不仅繁琐,且有     

大气中微量甲醛的分光光度测定法

前言 测定大气中的甲醛,目前已报道了许多方法,除分光光度法外,还有气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、薄层色谱法、电化学法、离子色谱法、化学发光法,激光荧光法,微波光谱法和红外光谱法等. 甲醛是最简单的一种羰基化合物,但是,化学性质要比其它羰基化合物活泼得多,与各种试剂的反应主要是亲电加成反应.根据这一性质,本文将分光光度法对大气中微量甲醛的测定(包括原理、采样、分析条件、检出下限和干扰等情况)归纳分绍如下:     

双水相气浮浮选光度法处理环境水样中痕量土霉素残留物

建立了一种新型分离方法--双水相气浮浮选光度法,使其处理环境水样中痕量土霉紊(OTC)残留物,研究了其工作原理,并用高效液相色谱法对该方法的可靠性进行了验证.利用自制的双水相气浮浮选装置,选择四氢呋喃作亲水有机溶剂、质量分数为10%的NaCl溶液作分相剂,NaOH溶液调节pH,将Cu2+与OTC形成的疏水配合物浮选至有机相,实现OTC与水样分离.浮选完毕后,经紫外-可见分光光度法分析,线性回归方程为A=1.532×105c+0.1230(其中:A为有机相的吸光度;c为水样的OTC摩尔浓度,mol/L),相关系数为0.9998,该方法的线性范围为4.8×10-7～7.3×10-5 mol/L,OTC加标回收率为99.5%～100.1%.     

双波长紫外分光光度法测定渗滤液COD的研究

针对重铬酸钾法测定COD药剂耗费高、操作时间长、连续监测难、废液二次污染等问题，以垃圾渗滤液为例，阐述了双波长紫外分光光度法预测污水COD的操作方法及其消除悬浮物干扰的原理。结果表明，在水样悬浮物波动较大时，选取272 nm及550 nm的双波长预测模型较单波长预测模型和神经网络预测模型的预测结果更为准确。无需对水样进行任何化学预处理，不需过膜，便可消除悬浮物对测定结果的干扰，是一种准确、便捷的COD测定方法。     

紫外分光光度法测定水质COD的技术研究

紫外分光光度法测定水质COD是利用有机物吸收紫外线的特征来测量水中的有机物浓度。用邻苯二甲酸氢钾标准溶液作为水样,验证了水样中COD与254nm紫外线的吸光度在一定范围内有良好的线性关系。线性回归方程为y=125.33x-2.3605,相关系数r=0.9945。由于一般污水中有悬浊物的影响,因此研究了采用可见分光光度法补偿浊度的影响的可行性。     

基于臭氧紫外协同在线检测水体COD的研究

提出了一种基于臭氧协同紫外(O3/UV)在线检测水体化学需氧量(COD)的方法,建立了以臭氧协同紫外的高级氧化体系对水样进行氧化消解,利用多个传感器信息组合来测定水体COD的方法,通过待测水样所消耗臭氧的量来计算出水样的COD.与传统的COD测定方法相比,具有操作简单方便、消解时间短、运行成本低、无需添加任何化学试剂、不会产生二次污染等优点,具有很好的推广应用价值.     

邻菲啰啉分光光度法测定水中总铁的改进

对邻菲啰啉分光光度法测定水中总铁的方法进行了改进：采用50mL比色管水浴还原水样——分光光度计比色测定水中总铁。测试结果表明，改进法精密度和准确度均优于标准方法，是测定水中总铁较为理想的方法。     

烘箱法测定地表水中的总氮

以烘箱代替高压锅进行消解,采用过硫酸钾氧化-紫外分光光度法测定地表水中的总氮.经实验研究对比,该法可简化消解过程,使温度易于控制,提高了总氮测定方法的稳定性,且易于操作,灵敏度、准确度、精密度、检出限等均令人满意.     

两种方法测定固体废物中的总氮

对固体废物中总氮含量的测定方法进行了研究，用修正的凯氏法消解作比较、凯氏定氮仪定氮，纳氏试剂分光光度法和滴定法分别测定铵态氮，对国家标准土样GSS-7及实际的不同含氮固体废物样舄的测定值进行F检验和t检验，结果表明，两种测定方法间的精密度与准确度均无显著性差异，修正的凯氏法-纳氏试剂分光光度法及修正的凯氏法-滴定法均适用于测定固体废物中的总氮。     

生活污水中蛋白质测试方法研究

分别用Folin-酚改进法、考马斯亮兰法和紫外分光光度法等3种测试方法测试了上海市某小区生活污水中的蛋白质含量,对这3种测试方法进行了比较,并采用氨基酸仪分析了生活污水中蛋白质水解后的氨基酸化学组成.试验结果表明,Folin-酚改进法测试蛋白质浓度的准确性与精确性优于考马斯亮兰法和紫外分光光度法,可用于测定生活污水中蛋白质的浓度;氨基酸仪法测得该生活污水中含有17种氨基酸,其中最多的为谷氨酸(3.6 mg/L),含量最低的是脯氨酸(0.8 mg/L);所测生活污水中蛋白质COD占总COD的18.9%.     

印染行业热定型机油烟废气检测方法研究

建立了粘胶基活性炭纤维吸附-正己烷萃取-紫外分光光度法检测热定型机油烟废气的方法,以印染厂实际热定型机油烟废气萃取液为标准油烟,在230 nm处测吸光度,绘制标准曲线,相关系数为0.999 7.实验结果表明,正己烷1次萃取率超过了90%,紫外分光光度法标准偏差为0.344～0.693,相对标准偏差在5%内,平均加标回收率为93%～98%,方法检出限为0.829 mg/L.粘胶基活性炭纤维耐高温,对0～100 mg/L的热定型机油烟废气的饱和吸附量为1.0～2.5 g/g.用Langmuir、Freundlich和DR方程对实验吸附等温线进行了拟合,低油烟浓度时Langmuir方程拟合较好,高浓度油烟时DR方程拟合较好.     

Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic determination of Baygon in water

A simple analytical procedure for determination of Baygon in water is described. The Baygon residues are extracted on a C18 SEP-PAK cartridge and subsequently analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection at 272 nm. Water samples spiked with Baygon are found to give greater than 90 percent recoveries. Concentration levels as low as 20 ppb can be easily detected by this method.     

Treatment of N,N-dimethylacetamide waste gas by a trickle-bed air biofilter.

The system performance of a trickle-bed air biofilter (TBAB) for treating N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) waste gas was investigated under different gas flow rates and influent concentrations. In the pseudo-steady-state conditions, the DMAC elimination capacity increased but the removal efficiency decreased as the influent loading increased. More than 90% and 80% DMAC removal efficiencies are achieved for influent loadings below 20.2 and 34.5 g DMAC/m3/h, respectively. The TBAB appears to be an effective treatment process for controlling DMAC emission with low-to-medium loadings and the effectiveness could be maintained over a long-period operation.     

基于三波长透射率的水体色度检测标准

为了推动有关分光光度法测量水体色度的国家标准的建立，对美国和台湾地区的水体色度标准检测方法进行了研究，提出了新的基于三波长透射率测量水体色度的方法。根据现行国家标准中的色度学相关数据，选择在595、555和445 nm 3个波长处的光谱透射率计算水样的三刺激值，依照国标推荐的色差公式建立了测量水样色度的标准检量线。利用所提出的新的水体色度测量方法对5个水样的色度值进行了实际测量，结果表明，新的测量方法所得到的水体色度值与铂钴比色法一致。     

Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic determination of Baygon in water

Abstract

A simple analytical procedure for determination of Baygon in water is described. The Baygon residues are extracted on a C₁₈ SEP‐PAK cartridge and subsequently analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection at 272 nm. Water samples spiked with Baygon are found to give greater than 90 percent recoveries.

Concentration levels as low as 20 ppb can be easily detected by this method.     

Characterizing dissolved organic matter and evaluating associated nanofiltration membrane fouling

Natural organic matter (NOM) characteristics were determined for three ground waters exhibiting different water quality conditions. The water quality of the three feed waters collected at various water table depths was characterized by XAD-8/-4 resin adsorption, high performance size exclusion chromatography with ultraviolet and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) detections, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine NOM fractionation, molecular weight, and NOM functional groups, respectively. Systematic studies were conducted to identify potential NOM foulants in ground water for nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling. The results show that the hydrophobic fraction of NOM in all of the samples was significantly high (71-93%) compared to the hydrophilic (1.7-22.6%) and transphilic (5.3-6.6%) fractions. However, insignificant flux-decline (less than 5%) was observed for the highest DOC (36.9 mg l(-1)) and hydrophobic NOM (93%) containing groundwater compared to the other lesser DOC and hydrophobic NOM containing ground waters. This is presumably due to either higher fractions of hydrophilic and transphilic NOM or inorganic interactions that may be major foulants. Based on FTIR, aromatic foulants were observed at 1662 cm(-1) (CO-NH2 or CO conjugated with aromatic rings) for the fouled NF membrane with the relatively low DOC source waters. The contact angle of the clean membrane (52 degrees ) decreased with fouling up to 42-47 degrees for fouled membranes with the various samples.     

Arizona Hazardous Air Pollutants Monitoring Program

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the existing risk to public health in Arizona related to hazardous air pollution, ambient air monitoring for selected hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) was carried out in 1994-1996 in several representative urban and rural areas of Arizona. A wide range of organic HAPs was monitored, requiring a variety of sampling and analysis methods. Stainless steel SUMMA canisters were used for collection of volatile hydrocarbons and halocarbons, which were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization and electron capture detection (GC-FID/ECD). Carbonyl compounds were collected using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-impregnated cartridges and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatog-raphy with ultraviolet detection. Semi-volatile and non-volatile polycyclic aromatic compounds were collected using a sampling train consisting of a filter followed by a PUF/XAD-4/PUF sandwich cartridge. Following extraction, samples were analyzed by capillary GC with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). Database software was developed for data processing and reporting functions. This paper describes the sampling strategy and the sampling and analysis methods employed in the monitoring program and presents a summary of all the results obtained during the duration of the sampling program.     

Direct determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in an analytically challenging crop such as Chinese chives using selective ELISAs

ABSTRACT

Easy-to-use commercial kit-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been used to detect neonicotinoid dinotefuran, clothianidin and imidacloprid in Chinese chives, which are considered a troublesome matrix for chromatographic techniques. Based on their high water solubility, water was used as an extractant. Matrix interference could be avoided substantially just diluting sample extracts. Average recoveries of insecticides from spiked samples were 85–113%, with relative standard deviation of <15%. The concentrations of insecticides detected from the spiked samples with the proposed ELISA methods correlated well with those by the reference high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The residues analyzed by the ELISA methods were consistently 1.24 times that found by the HPLC method, attributable to loss of analyte during sample clean-up for HPLC analyses. It was revealed that the ELISA methods can be applied easily to pesticide residue analysis in troublesome matrix such as Chinese chives.     

Analysis of herbicide Krovar I by liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A simple, very efficient method is presented for routine analysis of herbicide Krovar I (active components bromacil and diuron) in water and soil samples. Water samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane (DCM) as extraction solvent. For soil samples two different extraction techniques were compared: microwave-assisted solvent extraction and a shaking technique using a platform shaker. Extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using a water:methanol gradient. Liquid chromatography was coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) for quantification of bromacil and diuron. Optimization of the APCI-MS was done by using standards in the flow injection analysis mode (FIA). Method detection limit for liquid samples for bromacil is 0.04 microg L(-1) and for diuron 0.03 microg L(-1). Method detection limit for soil samples is 0.01 microg g(-1) dry weight for both compounds. Results of analysis of field samples of water and soil are also presented.     

Pesticide contamination of ground and surface water in Bulgarian Danube plain

Ground and river water from Bulgarian Danube plain, an intensive agricultural area, was monitored for pesticide contamination. Seventeen pesticides belonging to 5 chemical groups were selected for analysis according to a farm use survey. The study has been carried out for two years. Analysis were carried out by capillary gas chromatography (GC) using a dual detection system (ECD and NPD), as well as by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. Atrazine was the compound found most often in ground water. The other active ingredients detected in ground and river water were mainly herbicides (alachlor, 2,4-D, metolachlor). The organochlorine insecticides, lindane and endosulfan, were detected at extremely low concentrations. The contamination of atrazine was associated mostly with continuous corn production.