Fe3O4／Ag磁性纳米颗粒去除水中的铅离子

采用水相共沉淀法制备小尺寸磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒，以没食子酸作为还原剂和表面修饰剂，还原Ag[（NH3）2]’制备出Fe3O4／Ag磁性纳米颗粒。研究该磁性纳米颗粒对水溶液中铅离子的吸附行为，研究结果表明，pH为7．0，吸附温度30℃时可得到最好的处理效果，铅的去除率可达99．7％以上，Fe3O4／Ag颗粒吸附行为符合二级动力学模型（R2〉0．99）。该磁性纳米颗粒经过多次再生处理后，仍具有很好的吸附效果，表明Fe3O4／Ag在水处理方面拥有良好的应用前景。     

Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对全氟辛烷磺酸盐的吸附

采用共沉淀法合成Fe3O4纳米磁性颗粒,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及振动样品磁强计(VSM)对Fe3O4纳米磁性颗粒的粒径、形貌和磁性进行表征并研究Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对全氟辛磺酸盐的吸附。结果表明:在PFOS初始浓度4 mg/L,pH为3,反应时间24 h,Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒投加量1.25 g/L,对全氟辛磺酸盐去除率达到90%。Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对PFOS的吸附符合Freundlich吸附方程。     

Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对全氟辛烷磺酸盐的吸附

采用共沉淀法合成Fe3O4纳米磁性颗粒,用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）以及振动样品磁强计（VSM）对Fe3O4纳米磁性颗粒的粒径、形貌和磁性进行表征并研究Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对全氟辛磺酸盐的吸附。结果表明：在PFOS初始浓度4 mg/L,pH为3,反应时间24 h,Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒投加量1.25 g/L,对全氟辛磺酸盐去除率达到90%。Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对PFOS的吸附符合Freundlich吸附方程。     

复合纳米Fe2O3/TiO2可见光催化降解邻甲酚溶液的研究

以复合纳米Fe2O3／TiO2作为催化剂,日光色镝灯为光源,研究了邻甲酚溶液的可见光降解。考察了催化剂制备方法、催化剂使用量、溶液pH、催化剂重复使用等条件对可见光降解的影响。实验结果表明,1％Fe2O3／TiO2（n）对邻甲酚溶液的可见光降解效果最优,比Ti02（p25）的降解率提高了2．6倍。在实验条件下,可见光降解3h,邻甲酚溶液的浓度去除率达95．4％,TOC去除率为72．3％。在较宽的浓度范围内,邻甲酚的反应服从一级动力学反应方程,随着浓度的增大,反应速率常数不断降低。     

聚乙烯醇（PVA）厌氧生物降解特性试验研究

对聚乙烯醇(PVA)的生物降解特性进行试验研究。结果表明：厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物组成及粒径大小，对PVA的降解率影响最大，以产酸菌为主的颗粒污泥对PVA的降解能力最强，20d后PVA的降解率高达70％，以甲烷菌为主的颗粒污泥对PVA的降解能力最差，20d后PVA的降解率仅为6．3％；pH对PVA的降解率影响不大，碱度过大对PVA的降解不利；PVA共基质试验结果表明：以葡萄糖为碳源时，低浓度的葡萄糖会改变污泥的表面性质，使PVA迅速吸附到污泥表面，但随着降解时间的延长，PVA的浓度会回升，高浓度的葡萄糖对PVA的降解产生抑制；以淀粉为碳源时，产酸菌优先利用淀粉，PVA的降解率没有明显提高。在PVA浓度低时，在底物中添加一定的氮源可以提高PVA的降解率。     

Fe3O4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒吸附水体中的Cd2+和Zn2+

一种新型纳米固相萃取吸附剂,由阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)包裹在Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒表面形成,用于吸附水溶液中的重金属离子。研究了吸附过程的主要影响因素(如SDS浓度、溶液pH等)以及解吸过程的最佳条件,并对其机理进行了初步的探讨。研究结果表明,共沉淀法制备的Fe3O4颗粒粒径分布均匀,平均粒径约为54 nm;SDS浓度为300 mg/L时,Fe3O4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒吸附Cd2+和Zn2+的能力最强;在一定浓度范围内,Fe3O4/SDS体系对Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附平衡数据符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,饱和吸附量分别为22.42 mg/g和13.95 mg/g。最终结果表明,Fe3O4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒具有较强磁分离能力和较好的吸附效果。     

Fe_3O_4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒吸附水体中的Cd~（2＋）和Zn~（2＋）

一种新型纳米固相萃取吸附剂,由阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）包裹在Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒表面形成,用于吸附水溶液中的重金属离子。研究了吸附过程的主要影响因素（如SDS浓度、溶液pH等）以及解吸过程的最佳条件,并对其机理进行了初步的探讨。研究结果表明,共沉淀法制备的Fe3O4颗粒粒径分布均匀,平均粒径约为54 nm;SDS浓度为300 mg/L时,Fe3O4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒吸附Cd2＋和Zn2＋的能力最强;在一定浓度范围内,Fe3O4/SDS体系对Cd2＋和Zn2＋的吸附平衡数据符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,饱和吸附量分别为22.42 mg/g和13.95 mg/g。最终结果表明,Fe3O4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒具有较强磁分离能力和较好的吸附效果。     

富含腐殖酸还原混合菌的污泥厌氧降解对乙酰氨基酚的机制

以杭州市四堡污水处理厂的厌氧污泥为接种污泥,驯化富集了厌氧腐殖酸还原混合菌,加入不同的腐殖酸和碳源以优化驯化条件.结果表明,利用驯化厌氧污泥降解对乙酰氨基酚,1周降解时间内,驯化1个月的含腐殖酸还原混合菌群污泥比普通厌氧污泥降解率高34%,驯化半年的成熟厌氧污泥降解效果更好,降解率达90%以上.驯化厌氧污泥的最佳pH为7.0,Fe3 与腐殖酸同时存在时能进一步提高对乙酰氨基酚的厌氧生物降解效果.     

Fe/TiO2光催化降解水溶液中的4-氯苯酚

以TiO2-P25及FeC2O4为前驱物制备了Fe3 掺杂TiO2光催化剂--Fe/TiO2.X射线衍射结果表明,500 ℃煅烧温度下的Fe/TiO2主要是锐态矿晶型,当掺Fe3 量为0.5%(质量分数,下同)时,Fe3 以取代掺杂形式进入TiO2晶格,而当掺Fe3 量达5.0%时,则出现α-Fe2O3的特征衍射峰;900 ℃煅烧温度下的Fe/TiO2则均为金红石晶型,掺Fe3 量达2.0%～5.0%时,出现Fe2TiO5的特征衍射峰.4-氯苯酚的光催化实验结果表明,煅烧温度及Fe3 掺杂量对Fe/TiO2的光催化活性有显著影响,以煅烧温度500 ℃及掺Fe3 量0.5%的Fe/TiO2为光催化剂,反应80 min,4-氯苯酚的降解率达100%,总有机碳去除率约95%.     

产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca对硝基苯及4-氯硝基苯的降解

硝基苯类化合物生物降解菌的筛选及性能研究，是制药、染料等行业废水达标的重要基础。以浓度梯度升高法筛选到一株硝基苯厌氧降解菌Klebsiella oxytoca NBA-1。考察了该菌对氧气的需求，以及在厌氧条件下，温度、pH值、外加葡萄糖及硝基苯初始浓度等环境因子对菌株降解硝基苯能力的影响，并进一步讨论菌株对氯取代硝基苯类化合物的降解情况。结果表明，该菌在厌氧条件下生长比好氧条件下慢，但降解速度更快；厌氧降解硝基苯的最佳pH值和温度和分别为8．3和30～35℃；加入0．3％～0．5％的葡萄糖可促进降解，且对300mg／L以下的硝基苯均有降解能力；该菌能将4-氯硝基苯转化为4-氯苯胺，并进一步脱氯为苯胺。研究结果可为硝基苯及含氯硝基苯的处理工艺选择提供相关的参考依据。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.