超声强化Fe0去除阳离子红GTL的研究

采用US/Fe⁰系统去除阳离子红GTL，考察了pH值、Fe⁰用量、超声功率及活性炭、H₂O₂、盐分添加对阳离子红GTL去除率的影响，利用紫外-可见吸收光谱变化查明阳离子红GTL在不同条件下的去除差异性，利用SEM解析铁的形态与染料去除的相关性。结果表明： pH≥5.0时超声和Fe⁰具有协同效应，Fe⁰用量2 g/L，pH=7.0，超声功率135 W，阳离子红GTL去除率达到96.07%；一定量的活性炭、H₂O₂、盐分添加会加速染料去除，US加速Fe⁰反应速度，但不改变染料降解机理，添加活性炭能够彻底降解阳离子红GTL，添加H₂O₂提供的氧化环境抑制苯胺类化合物生成；铁的形态及与染料的接触是影响染料去除效果的重要原因。     

光助Ce-Fe/Al2O3催化H2O2降解阳离子红GTL模拟废水

利用Ce-Fe/Al2O3为催化剂的非均相光Fenton体系降解阳离子红GTL模拟废水,考察了H2O2浓度、催化剂用量、初始pH值及不同工艺过程对降解效果的影响,通过紫外-可见漫反射光谱、红外光谱、XPS手段研究铁在反应中的价态变化.结果表明,在11 W低压汞灯照射下,非均相光Fenton体系能够有效地降解结构稳定的阳离子红GTL,在pH 6,反应温度20℃,时间90 min,Ce-Fe/Al2O3 2 g/L,H2O2浓度340 mg/L,含50 mg/L阳离子红GTL模拟废水TOC去除率为92.40%;光Fenton反应中Fe(Ⅲ)转化为Fe(Ⅱ).     

超声波／零价铁降解水中双酚A

研究了超声波／零价铁（US／Fe^0）工艺对水中双酚A（BPA）的降解效果及影响因素。结果表明，US／Fe^0工艺可以有效降解水中的BPA，具有协同作用，且降解过程符合一级动力学规律；Fe^0具有促进和抑制的双重作用；超声功率越大，越有利于BPA的降解；初始浓度较低时，BPA的降解效果较好；弱酸性条件有利于BPA的降解；加入一定量的自由基捕获剂（正丁醇）可以抑制BPA的降解；联合作用2h后，TOC的去除率较低，说明其矿化程度不完全。     

超声-Fenton高级氧化降解染料工业废水的研究

采用超声与Fenton高级氧化技术联合处理染料废水,取得了满意的效果。同时考察了初始浓度、初始pH值、超声时间、超声频率、超声功率、H2O2和FeSO4初始浓度等因素对其COD去除效果的影响,当超声波频率为45 kHz,功率为200 W,初始pH值为2.63,超声时间为150 min,H2O2浓度为60 mmol/L,FeSO4浓度为12 mmol/L时,染料废水COD去除率达到91.8%。     

过氧化氢／草酸铁体系太阳光催化降解染料废水的研究

以过氧化氢／草酸铁络合物作光氧化剂，利用太阳光对10种水溶性染料模拟废水进行了光氧化降解试验研究，发现在日光照射下，过氧化氢／草酸铁络合物能使染料溶液迅速降解。以活性艳蓝KN-R为代表，研究各种因素对光降解的影响。结果表明，溶液pH为2．0～4．0时，光降解速率快；溶液中Fe^3 与草酸根的摩尔比为1：3时，光解效果最好；提高H2O2浓度可以提高光降解速率，但H2O2的利用率会降低。     

日光/H2O2/草酸铁体系对垃圾渗滤液深度处理的试验研究

以草酸铁络合物／H2O2作光氧化剂,利用日光对垃圾渗滤生化出水进行了光氧化降解试验。结果表明,在溶液的初始体系pH=3．0,H2O2投加量为460mg／L,Fe^3＋质量浓度为20mg／L条件下,反应60min后,CODCr去除率可达80％以上;溶液初始体系的pH、H2O2和Fe^3＋的投加量及废水的水质对光解过程有显著影响,而且在太阳光照射下,CODCr去除率比紫外光照射下高。研究表明,在一定试验条件下,用日光／H2O2／草酸铁体系对城市垃圾渗滤液处理效果较好,可作为垃圾渗滤液的深度处理。     

超声联合过硫酸钠去除水中三氯生

采用超声(US)联合过硫酸钠(SPS)对水中三氯生(TCS)的去除进行了研究,GC/MS鉴定识别了联用工艺降解产物,考察了US功率、SPS的投加量、pH值、碳酸盐和溴离子等对TCS去除的影响。结果表明2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)为其主要降解产物,US/SPS工艺强化了单独US去除效果,SPS浓度为4 mmol·L~(-1),US功率为600 W时,初始浓度为410μg·L~(-1)的TCS 120 min后去除率可达100%。TCS的降解符合拟一级反应动力学方程,其动力学常数K=0.028 min~(-1)。TCS的去除率随SPS浓度的增加先增大后减小,实验范围内(0~600 W)TCS去除率随US功率增加而增大,强酸强碱环境不利于TCS的去除,TCS去除率随碳酸氢钠浓度的增加先减小后增大,碳酸钠的加入对TCS去除影响不大,溴离子对TCS的去除具有抑制作用。     

Fenton试剂氧化苯酚的影响因素与过程研究

考察了H2O2与Fe^2＋剂量、反应时间、初始pH值、无机离子（Cl^-、SO4^2-）和进料方式对Fenton氧化降解苯酚效率的影响，测定了Fenton试剂氧化苯酚过程中的Fe^2＋和高锰酸钾消耗量。实验结果表明，在H2O2与Fe^2＋剂量分别为20和2mmol／L、初始pH为4．00、反应30min的条件下，酚去除率约为97％，COD去除率约为87％。并获得了在初始pH值为4．00时的COD去除率最高；Cl^-的存在将显著降低COD的去除率；SO4^2-对COD去除无显著影响；分批次加入药剂对COD去除效果明显优于一次性加入。在Fenton发生反应的第1min，Fe^2＋浓度可降低到初始浓度的65％左右，大约在20minFe^2＋浓度降到最小值（H2O2接近耗尽），然后随着反应的继续再增大，这说明了中间产物还原Fe^3＋作用的存在。     

双频超声辐射协同H_2O_2降解偶氮染料废水的研究

采用双频超声协同H2O2降解酸性绿20染料废水,考察超声功率密度、染料初始浓度和pH、饱和气体及H2O2投加量等因素对酸性绿20降解效果的影响,结果表明,在给定实验条件下,双频降解效果优于单频超声波,且降解率随超声功率密度的增大而增大。酸性条件有利于酸性绿20的降解,当染料废水初始pH=4可取得最佳的降解效果;酸性绿20的降解效率随染料初始浓度的增大而降低,其优化初始浓度为40 mg/L。在反应体系中通入空气并投加H2O2,可取得最佳的降解效果。在优化实验条件下,采用双频超声协同H2O2降解5 h,酸性绿20的色度和TOC去除率分别为94.6%和36.3%;分析降解前后的紫外-可见光谱图可知,酸性绿20并非完全被降解为CO2和H2O,而是生成一些小分子有机中间体。     

超声波-零价铁协同降解废水中活性深蓝M-2GE的研究

研究了超声波-零价铁对废水中活性深蓝M-2GE的协同降解，探讨了铁粉添加量、超声波功率、介质pH和染料的浓度等对活性深蓝M-2GE降解效率的影响。结果表明，零价铁的存在可显著提高废水中活性深蓝M-2GE的超声降解效率，其降解率随着铁粉添加量的增多而升高。介质pH对活性深蓝M-2GE的降解有显著影响，pH=3时降解率最高。另外增大超声功率有利于有机污染物的降解，有机染料的浓度越低，降解率越高。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.