不同基质人工湿地去除猪场沼液中氨氮性能

以猪场沼液为研究对象,通过等温吸附实验研究沸石、铁粉、硅藻土、煤渣、石英砂5种基质对氨氮的等温吸附特征,并采用一级和准二级动力学方程分析吸附动力学过程。根据实验结果选取沸石和石英砂基质构建4种不同类型的人工湿地单元对比研究猪场沼液中氨氮的处理效果。结果表明,5种基质对氨氮的吸附适合用Langmuir等温吸附方程描述,沸石对氨氮的吸附能力最强,其最大吸附量达1.049 8mg/g。从相关系数(R2)分析,准二级动力学方程能更好描述各种基质对氨氮的吸附动力学过程。沸石的平衡吸附量最大,为1.719 0mg/g。沸石-垂直潜流人工湿地单元在构建的4种人工湿地单元中对猪场沼液氨氮处理效果最好,且对高浓度沼液的抗冲击能力最强。     

模块化填料人工湿地处理农村生活污水

构建美人蕉(Canna indicate L.)潜流人工湿地系统,对比研究基于模块化填料的人工湿地系统(MS-C-S)和基于普通碎石填料的人工湿地系统(GS-C-S)对农村生活污水的处理效果。结果表明,模块化填料对氨氮和总磷的去除率明显高于碎石填料。在MS-C-S和GS-C-S系统运行5 d后,MS-C-S系统对氨氮的去除率高达54.2%～69.4%,而GS-C-S系统仅为13%～28%;MS-C-S系统对总磷去除率77.7%～83.5%,而GS-C-S仅为54.5%。MS-C-S系统对氨氮和COD的去除率比MSU-S分别高出约23%和11%;而MS-C-S和MS-C-L系统对氨氮、总磷和COD的去除趋势和去除效果都几乎相近。模块化填料及以其为基质的人工湿地系统可以很好地去除氨氮、总磷和COD,有一定的应用前景。     

不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地对富营养化景观水的净化效果

研究了两套不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地小试装置在不同季节对富营养化景观水的净化效果,分析了温度变化对污染物去除效果的影响,考察了微生物的硝化强度和反硝化强度以及基质理化性质对植物生长状况的影响,并探讨了氮、磷的去除途径.结果表明:不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地随季节变化对浊度、COD和磷的去除效果差异不明显;温度降低对脱氮效果影响显著,对磷的去除影响不大.沸石-页岩湿地硝化强度和反硝化强度优于砾石湿地.采用沸石作为基质可以提高系统对氮的去除效率,促进湿地植物的生长.对氮、磷去除途径的分析表明:微生物的硝化反硝化作用以及基质对磷的吸附沉淀作用是复合垂直流人工湿地去除氮、磷的主要途径;植物吸收分别占湿地TN、TP去除量的16%和35%左右,也是个重要途径.     

3种不同基质潜流湿地对磷的去除效果

基质是潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统的重要组成部分，直接影响到系统的处理效果。本文研究了由沸石、页岩陶粒和碎石3种不同基质构建的潜流式人工湿地对磷的去除效果。结果表明，在设计水力停留时间3d，连续进出水情况下，碎石单元对磷的去除效果最好，页岩陶粒单元次之，沸石单元效果最差，平均去除率分别为95％、60％和35％。在潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统运行初期观察到磷释放现象，沸石单元最为明显。进水磷浓度较低时，磷的去除率随浓度升高而升高，当正磷、总磷浓度分别升高到2．4—2．5和3．1～3．3mg／L时，正磷、总磷的去除率开始迅速下降。     

人工湿地基质的筛选及其对猪场废水厌氧消化液中氨氮吸附性能研究

采用静态吸附实验,对比了岷江砂、沱江砂、青衣江砂、沸石、活性炭对猪场废水厌氧消化液中氨氮的吸附去除效率,基于氨氮去除能力、购买成本与运费的比较,筛选出性价比较高的基质--岷江砂作为四川地区人工湿地的基质处理猪场废水厌氧消化液.吸附实验表明,砂对氨氮的去除率随振荡时间和投加量的增加而增加.通过吸附等温曲线Langmuir...     

人工湿地中氨化细菌去除有机氮的效果

人工湿地去除有机氮主要由于氨化细菌的作用.为了了解人工湿地中氨化细菌去除有机氮的效果,对人工湿地基质中5株氮化细菌进行了初步鉴定,比较了不同氨化细菌去除有机氮的效果,氨化细菌去除有机氮的量通过其生成的NH4< >-N来衡量.结果表明,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为人工湿地中氧化细菌的优势菌属;氨化细蒲-1、氨化细菌-2及氨化细菌-5对有机氮的去除效果相对较好,分别达到46.2%、49.4%和52.6%.添加沸石对玄除氨氮有明显效果,从而能够提高有机氮的去除率.     

人工湿地处理城市污水启动期运行特性

选取4种植物(鸢尾、香蒲、麦冬和美人蕉)和3种基质(炉渣、沸石和砾石),通过植物和基质的不同组合构建了7组潜流型人工湿地,研究不同植物、相同基质及不同基质、相同植物条件下,湿地处理城市污水的启动期运行特性。结果表明,对COD去除率,砾石>炉渣>沸石,美人蕉>鸢尾>香蒲>麦冬;对TN去除率,沸石>砾石>炉渣,美人蕉>香蒲>麦冬>鸢尾;对NH4+-N去除率,沸石>砾石>炉渣,香蒲>美人蕉>麦冬>鸢尾;对TP去除率,炉渣>砾石>沸石,香蒲>美人蕉>鸢尾>麦冬。植物种植前,炉渣、沸石和砾石不同基质湿地的COD去除率没有明显差异;在TN和NH4+-N的去除上,沸石远优于炉渣和砾石。植物种植后,3种基质的TP去除率在10.75%左右。鸢尾、麦冬和美人蕉3种植物湿地的COD去除率随运行历程呈上升趋势,而香蒲由于生长状况不佳,去除率呈下降趋势。美人蕉湿地TN去除率较其它3种植物湿地高,各植物湿地NH4+-N去除率差异不显著。4种植物湿地TP去除率在9.24%左右。     

3种不同基质潜流湿地对磷的去除效果

基质是潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统的重要组成部分,直接影响到系统的处理效果.本文研究了由沸石、页岩陶粒和碎石3种不同基质构建的潜流式人工湿地对磷的去除效果.结果表明,在设计水力停留时间3 d,连续进出水情况下,碎石单元对磷的去除效果最好,页岩陶粒单元次之,沸石单元效果最差,平均去除率分别为95%、60%和35%.在潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统运行初期观察到磷释放现象,沸石单元最为明显.进水磷浓度较低时,磷的去除率随浓度升高而升高,当正磷、总磷浓度分别升高到2.4～2.5和3.1～3.3 mg/L时,正磷、总磷的去除率开始迅速下降.     

菖蒲人工湿地对城市生活污水的净化研究

分别研究了土壤、粉煤灰和土壤及粉煤灰3种基质构建的菖蒲模拟人工湿地系统对城市生活污水的净化效果,并探讨了进水流量对城市生活污水净化效果的影响。结果表明,用粉煤灰基质构建的菖蒲模拟人工湿地系统的TP、TN、NH4+-N、浊度净化效果最佳,去除率最高,分别可达99.7%、85.8%、99.5%、99.3%;用粉煤灰和土壤基质构建的菖蒲模拟人工湿地系统的COD净化效果最佳,去除率最高,可达83.2%。因此,菖蒲人工湿地系统对城市生活污水的净化能力强,尤其适合广大中小城市生活污水的处理,具有极其广阔的应用与推广前景。     

基质结构对水平潜流人工湿地净化效果影响

为研究基质填充结构变化对人工湿地净化效果的影响,构建2个不同基质结构的对比水平潜流人工湿地实验系统,对城市污水处理厂出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明,1～7 mm石英砂均混填充结构人工湿地系统对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别为49.5%,40.1%和56.1%;比较而言,1～7 mm石英砂分层填充结构湿地系统对3种污染物的平均去除率分别为53.7%,60.4%和68.6%。方差分析表明,不同石英砂结构的人工湿地对COD、NH4+-N及TP的净化效果差异显著(p<0.05)。此外,不同水力停留时间条件下,基质填充结构不同的湿地系统对以上3种污染物的净化效果也存在显著差异(p<0.05),去除率随着水力停留时间的增加而升高,当HRT为36 h时,各系统均能取得较好的净化效果。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.