有机改性成都粘土预处理垃圾渗滤液

以成都粘土为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为改性剂制备有机改性土,并将其应用于垃圾渗滤液的预处理。采用单因素静态吸附实验,以粘土对垃圾渗滤液COD和氨氮的去除率作为考查指标,初步探究有机改性土预处理垃圾渗滤液的适宜条件;并对有机改性粘土及原土进行性能表征,初步分析其吸附机理。研究结果表明,有机土的处理效果明显优于原土,处理效果上比原土提高了1.6~2.3倍;有机土预处理垃圾渗滤液适宜条件为:投加量120 g/L、搅拌速度200 r/min、搅拌时间50 min、pH=7、静置时间为6 h。     

矿化垃圾对渗滤液的吸附试验及其动力学研究

应用矿化垃圾吸附处理实际渗滤液中的COD和氨氮,分别研究了粒径、投加量、pH对吸附效果的影响,并在最佳吸附条件下对吸附过程进行动力学分析。结果表明,反应360min时,COD吸附达到平衡,去除率达到69.01%,单位吸附量为87.91mg/g;反应510min时,氨氮吸附达到平衡,去除率达到71.45%,单位吸附量为16.86mg/g,这表明用矿化垃圾作为吸附剂吸附垃圾渗滤液中的COD和氨氮是可行的;用COD和氨氮动力学数据拟合吸附过程,均符合伪二级动力学方程。     

曝气-絮凝处理垃圾渗滤液研究

通过现场处理 ,对垃圾渗滤液的曝气 -絮凝处理进行了研究。结果表明该方法对渗滤液的色度、COD、总磷去除率达 80 %以上 ,对氨氮去除率达 60 %以上。在此基础上提出了最优综合控制指标     

改性蛭石结合鸟粪石沉淀法回收垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的实验研究

研究了使用氯化镁改性蛭石,利用磷酸铵镁沉淀的原理,在垃圾渗滤液中按比例加入PO43-,处理垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的同时,在蛭石上生成磷酸铵镁沉淀,以便于磷酸铵镁沉淀的回收利用。结果表明,筛取蛭石粒径为60～80目,配制浓度20%的氯化镁溶液浸泡改性蛭石20 min,取25 g改性蛭石,100 mL垃圾渗滤液调节pH为9,按n(NH4+)∶n(PO34-)=1∶1.2的比例加入PO43-离子,垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除率为85.06%,实验并对磷酸铵镁沉淀进行了结构成分分析,为垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的处理及磷酸铵镁沉淀的回收提供了一种新的方法。     

超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液中的有机物

详细研究了超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液中有机物的处理效果.研究内容包括:超声波频率对垃圾渗滤液色度和COD去除率的影响,超声波功率对垃圾渗滤液色度和COD去除率的影响以及Fenton试剂用量和pH值对垃圾渗滤液色度去除率和COD去除率的影响.还利用一次正交回归实验确定了超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液的优化条件,并在优化条件的基础上,对超声波技术、Fenton高级氧化技术和超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果进行比较研究.研究结果表明:超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液的色度去除率和COD去除率最高,其色度去除率接近100%,COD去除率达到73.5%.超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液的优化条件是:超声频率为28 kHz,超声功率为75W,Fe2 浓度为280 mg/L,H2O2浓度为1.29×104 mg/L,pH值为2.5.超声波的频率、功率和Fenton试剂用量之间存在优化匹配值.     

改性矿化垃圾对渗滤液生化出水中COD和氨氮的吸附

用矿化垃圾作为吸附剂吸附处理生化后的垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法研究了改性温度、p H、吸附剂投加量和反应时间对吸附效果的影响,并采用红外光谱和电镜扫描对矿化垃圾进行表征。结果表明:矿化垃圾改性温度为700℃,水样p H值为9,吸附剂用量为60 g/L,反应时间为10 h时,COD和氨氮去除率分别达到58.38%和79.77%,平衡吸附量分别为11.68 mg/g和1.58 mg/g;动力学数据拟合COD和氨氮吸附过程均符合拟二级动力学方程即吸附速率被化学吸附所控制;等温方程拟合表明,矿化垃圾对COD和氨氮的吸附分别属于多层吸附和单层吸附;红外光谱分析结果显示,吸附过程中OH、C=O和C—O 3种基团起主要作用;电镜扫描结果显示,矿化垃圾改性前、后和吸附前、后内部结构均发生变化。     

氧化镁烟气脱硫废渣-硫酸镁废水-高钙粉煤灰脱氮除磷

在分析高钙粉煤灰(HCFA)对模拟废水脱氮除磷特性的基础上,先后采用氧化镁烟气脱硫废渣(MFGDR)、烟气脱硫(硫酸镁)废水和HCFA综合处理酸洗磷化废水和垃圾渗滤液。当酸洗磷化废水和垃圾渗滤液混合废水的NH3-N浓度为1 135 mg·L~(-1)、PO3-4-P浓度为2 766 mg·L~(-1)时,通过调整氮磷比,经过吸附、化学沉淀反应等,将污染物吸附、转化为磷酸铵镁等,并进行固液分离,NH3-N和PO3-4P的去除率分别可达到98%和99%,废水经处理可达到排放标准。不仅同步解决了热电固废、硫酸镁废水、酸洗磷化废水以及垃圾渗滤液的处理处置问题,还以废治废,降低了药剂成本,具有良好的应用前景。     

混凝与Fenton联用处理垃圾渗滤液的效能及成本

为对混凝/Fenton工艺与Fenton/混凝工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的效果和成本进行比较,分别对年轻渗滤液和老龄渗滤液原液按照混凝/Fenton工艺与Fenton/混凝工艺2种技术路线进行处理。实验结果表明,Fenton试剂对年轻垃圾渗滤液和老龄垃圾渗滤液COD去除率最高的反应条件为pH=3.5、H2O2和Fe2+的摩尔比为6、H2O2和渗滤液原液的COD质量比为3、反应时间4 h;在PAC与渗滤液原液的COD质量比为0.6时,PAC混凝对渗滤液原液的COD去除率最高。在对渗滤液COD去除率最高的Fenton反应和PAC混凝反应条件下,混凝/Fenton工艺对年轻渗滤液和老龄渗滤液的COD去除率分别为90.56%和86.56%;Fenton/混凝工艺对年轻渗滤液和老龄渗滤液的COD去除率分别为89.99%和85.99%,2种技术路线对渗滤液COD的去除率相差不大,但先PAC混凝后Fenton氧化工艺比先Fenton后混凝工艺每t节省62.6元,是更优化的渗滤液处理工艺。     

改性膨润土对垃圾填埋场渗滤液吸附效果

通过制备不同组分改性膨润土,研究其对苯酚的吸附效果,结果表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠+硫酸铝-改性膨润土>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠-改性膨润土>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-改性膨润土。通过改性膨润土对实际复杂组分渗滤液的吸附研究,结果表明,使用活性炭改性的膨润土吸附COD和NH4+-N最为理想,单位质量COD吸附量最高为26.8 mg/g,NH4+-N最高为3.92 mg/g,其中,COD最高去除率为77.3%,氨氮为28.9%;十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠+硫酸铝-改性膨润土对COD和NH4+-N均有去除效果,两者对于渗滤液实际处理工程具有应用价值。     

絮凝强化磷酸铵镁沉淀法对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的去除特性研究

磷酸铵镁(MAP)沉淀法是处理高浓度氨氮废水的一种有效方法,采用絮凝强化MAP沉淀法,以期提高垃圾渗滤液处理的脱氮效果。考察了不同絮凝剂种类、投加方式及投加量对脱氮效果的影响。结果表明:在进行MAP沉淀前投加絮凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC),投加量为40mg/L时,总有机碳(TOC)和氨氮的去除率分别达到91.55%和86.94%。同时,为了探究PAC对MAP沉淀法处理垃圾渗滤液的强化作用,对不同处理前后的垃圾渗滤液进行了三维荧光分析,发现MAP沉淀处理对垃圾渗滤液的类腐殖酸物质去除效果更好。通过实验发现,随着腐殖酸浓度逐渐增加,MAP沉淀法氨氮去除率会逐步降低。当腐殖酸投加量为1.0g/L时,氨氮去除率为20.44%,Mg~(2+)升高到262.32mg/L。通过傅立叶红外分析,发现垃圾渗滤液中的有机物官能团种类繁多,而经絮凝(投加PAC)强化MAP沉淀法处理后含羧基、苯环=CH和芳环=CH官能团的有机物减少。因此,垃圾渗滤液中类腐殖酸物质影响了MAP沉淀法的处理效果,而絮凝可以通过降低渗滤液中类腐殖酸物质浓度而提高MAP沉淀法处理氨氮的效果。     

Removal of hydrogen sulfide gas and landfill leachate treatment using coal bottom ash.

Coal bottom ashes produced from three thermal power plants were used in column and batch experiments to investigate the adsorption capacity of the coal ash. Hydrogen sulfide and leachates collected from three sanitary landfill sites were used as adsorbate gas and solutions, respectively. Experimental results showed that coal bottom ash could remove H2S from waste gas or reduce the concentrations of various pollutants in the leachate. Each gram of bottom ash could remove up to 10.5 mg of H2S. In treating the landfill leachate, increasing ash dosage increased the removal efficiency but decreased the adsorption amount per unit mass of ash. For these tested ashes, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N, total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), P, Fe3+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ were 36.4-50, 24.2-39.4, 27.0-31.1, 82.2-92.9, 93.8-96.5, 93.7-95.4, and 80.5-82.2%, respectively; the highest adsorption capacities for those parameters were 3.5-5.6, 0.22-0.63, 0.36-0.45, 0.027-0.034, 0.050-0.053, 0.029-0.032, and 0.006 mg/g of bottom ash, respectively. The adsorption of pollutants in the leachate conformed to Freundlich's adsorption model.     

Investigation of 1,4-dioxane originating from incineration residues produced by incineration of municipal solid waste

As a groundwater contaminant, 1,4-dioxane is of considerable concern because of its toxicity, refractory nature to degradation, and rapid migration within an aquifer. Although landfill leachate has been reported to contain significant levels of 1,4-dioxane, the origin of 1,4-dioxane in leachate has not been clarified until now. In this study, the origins of 1,4-dioxane in landfill leachate were investigated at 38 landfill sites and three incineration plants in Japan. Extremely high levels of 1,4-dioxane 89 and 340 microg l(-1), were detected in leachate from two of the landfill sites sampled. Assessments of leachate and measurement of 1,4-dioxane in incineration residues revealed the most likely source of 1,4-dioxane in the leachate to be the fly ash produced by municipal solid waste incinerators. Effective removal of 1,4-dioxane in leachate from fly ash was achieved using heating dechlorination systems. Rapid leaching of 1,4-dioxane observed from fly ash in a sequential batch extraction indicated that the incorporation of a waste washing process could also be effective for the removal of 1,4-dioxane in fly ash.     

常熟垃圾焚烧飞灰安全填埋场工程设计

介绍了常熟垃圾焚烧飞灰安全填埋工程的设计，包括飞灰预处理系统、填埋库结构、防渗和封场设计以及渗沥液处理等。结合工程设计实践，探讨了飞灰安全填埋场的设计技术和设计原则。     

改性粉煤灰处理低浓度含磷废水的研究

以酸改性粉煤灰为吸附剂,处理低质量浓度(1 mg/L左右)磷酸盐溶液,探讨了改性剂的种类、改性剂用量、吸附剂用量、反应时间、pH以及温度对除磷效果的影响.结果表明:(1)经过酸改性后粉煤灰的磷去除率显著提高,而且硫酸改性粉煤灰的除磷效果更好,磷去除率最高可达97.68％.(2)最佳条件:选择硫酸用量为5 mL/g进行改性,硫酸改性粉煤灰投加量为2.0g,反应时间为60 min,pH为7.2～10.8,温度为25℃(即室温).(3)改性粉煤灰对磷的吸附更符合Freundlich吸附等温模型,既有物理吸附,也有化学吸附,并以Ca、Mg氧化物与磷形成磷的沉淀物为主.     

矿化污泥生物反应器处理生活垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液

经长时间稳定化形成的矿化污泥中,含有种类丰富和数量繁多的降解性微生物,具有处理渗滤液的潜力。建立3个矿化污泥生物反应器,即C1(粉煤灰0%),C2(粉煤灰9.1%),C3(粉煤灰16.7%),以处理垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液。在单级矿化污泥反应器中,当进水COD和NH3-N分别约为1350和900 mg/L时,水力负荷为17.7～70.8 L/(m3.d),COD去除率可超过65%,氨氮的去除率可超过94%。粉煤灰的加入一定程度上降低了COD去除率,但有助于氨氮的去除。在二级矿化污泥生物反应器中(即C3～C1串联),水力负荷为35.4 L/(m3.d)的工况下,当COD、TOC、IC和NH3-N分别为1 500～2 500,500～900,1 200～1 600和1 200～1 450 mg/L时,出水可达到COD<300 mg/L,TOC<180 mg/L,IC<100 mg/L,NH3-N<5 mg/L。但是,矿化污泥生物反应器对渗滤液总氮的去除率较低,仅为20%左右。     

改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水的研究

利用高铁酸钾处理经过改性粉煤灰混凝后的矿井水,形成改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水工艺。研究表明,粉煤灰在使用硫酸改性前后,在投加量为50 g/L,对去除矿井水中浊度的变化是53.18～25.42 NTU,对COD_(Mn)的去除效率也由29%升高到50%;在改性粉煤灰中混入高铁酸钾5 mg/L时,矿井水中浊度和悬浮物分别降到18.3 NTU和10 mg/L,COD_(Mn)去除率为53.23%;此后,上清液中投加高铁酸钾10 mg/L时,水中的浊度由18.3 NTU降到5.1 NTU,悬浮物由10 mg/L降到3 mg/L,COD_(Mn)的总去除率也增加到68.88%。在使用该工艺进行小试时,改性粉煤灰用量为50 g/L,并在其中掺杂高铁酸钾5 mg/L,上清液再用10 mg/L的高铁酸钾处理后,出水水质都优于地表水环境质量Ⅳ级标准。     

粉煤灰对水溶液中磷的吸附性能及机理

以粉煤灰为吸附剂去除溶液中的磷,考察了其吸附除P动力学特征、热力学特征以及溶液初始pH和粉煤灰投加量对吸附除P效果的影响,并对其吸附除P机理做了初步探讨。结果表明,在给定实验条件下,粉煤灰对P具有较好的去除效果,随着初始P浓度从10 mg/L升高到80 mg/L,平衡吸附量为0.46～2.44 mg P/g粉煤灰,吸附效率从92.2%降低至61.1%;对不同浓度的含P溶液,粉煤灰最适用量为0.6～1.5 g粉煤灰/mg P;相同反应条件下,当温度由25℃升高到45℃时,P初始吸附速率提高了3倍;粉煤灰对P的吸附过程能够较好地拟合Langmuir、Freundlich及D-R吸附等温模型,相关系数均在0.98以上。通过对吸附饱和的粉煤灰进行解析实验发现,初始P浓度较低(<50 mg/L)时,以化学吸附为主,而在初始P浓度较高(>80 mg/L)时,则以物理吸附为主。     

Toxicological characterization of the landfill leachate prior/after chemical and electrochemical treatment: A study on human and plant cells

In this research, toxicological safety of two newly developed methods for the treatment of landfill leachate from the Piškornica (Croatia) sanitary landfill was investigated. Chemical treatment procedure combined chemical precipitation with CaO followed by coagulation with ferric chloride and final adsorption by clinoptilolite. Electrochemical treatment approach included pretreatment with ozone followed by electrooxidation/electrocoagulation and final polishing by microwave irradiation. Cell viability of untreated/treated landfill leachate was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxic effect of the original leachate was obtained for both exposure periods (4 and 24 h) while treated samples showed no cytotoxic effect even after prolonged exposure time. The potential DNA damage of the untreated/treated landfill leachate was evaluated by the comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay using either human or plant cells. The original leachate exhibited significantly higher comet assay parameters compared to negative control after 24 h exposure. On the contrary, there was no significant difference between negative control and chemically/electrochemically treated leachate for any of the parameters tested. There was also no significant increase in either CBMN assay parameter compared to the negative control following the exposure of the lymphocytes to the chemically or electrochemically treated landfill leachate for both exposure periods while the original sample showed significantly higher number of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds for both exposure times. Results suggest that both methods are suitable for the treatment of such complex waste effluent due to high removal efficiency of all measured parameters and toxicological safety of the treated effluent.     

Batch test assessment of waste-to-energy combustion residues impacts on precipitate formation in landfill leachate collection systems

Disposal practices for bottom ash and fly ash from waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities include emplacement in ash monofills or co-disposal with municipal solid waste (MSW) and residues from water and wastewater treatment facilities. In some cases, WTE residues are used as daily cover in landfills that receive MSW. A recurring problem in many landfills is the development of calcium-based precipitates in leachate collection systems. Although MSW contains varying levels of calcium, WTE residues and treatment plant sludges have the potential to contribute concentrated sources of leachable minerals into landfill leachates. This study was conducted to evaluate the leachability of calcium and other minerals from residues generated by WTE combustion using residues obtained from three WTE facilities in Florida (two mass-burn and one refuse-derived fuel). Leaching potential was quantified as a function of contact time and liquid-to-solid ratios with batch tests and longer-term leaching tests using laboratory lysimeters to simulate an ash monofill containing fly ash and bottom ash. The leachate generated as a result of these tests had total dissolved solid (TDS) levels ranging from 5 to 320 mg TDS/g ash. Calcium was a major contributor to the TDS values, contributing from 20 to 105 g calcium/kg ash. Fly ash was a major contributor of leachable calcium. Precipitate formation in leachates from WTE combustion residues could be induced by adding mineral acids or through gas dissolution (carbon dioxide or air). Stabilization of residual calcium in fly ashes that are landfilled and/or the use of less leachable neutralization reagents during processing of acidic gases from WTE facilities could help to decrease the calcium levels in leachates and help to prevent precipitate formation in leachate collection systems.     

壳聚糖联合碱改性粉煤灰对重金属离子的吸附特性

采用浸渍法将壳聚糖负载在经NaOH改性的粉煤灰上，制备了联合改性的粉煤灰。随粉煤灰上壳聚糖负载量的增加，粉煤灰对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附率均提高。当负载壳聚糖的质量分数为8%，吸附温度为30℃，吸附时间为120 min时，粉煤灰对Pb²⁺的吸附率最高（为98.9%），对Cd²⁺的吸附率也最高（为91.5%）。其吸附行为符合Freundlich等温吸附模型，但表现为2个线性区。粉煤灰负载壳聚糖的改性机理是粉煤灰与带正电荷的壳聚糖的化学键合作用。