纳米复合脱氮剂/气动超声吹脱高浓度氨氮废水

在自制0.2 t/h气动超声吹脱实验装置中,通过自主研发的纳米复合脱氮剂(CT-601)与气动超声波的耦合作用,在不同氨氮初始浓度、吹脱时间、CT-601投加量、气液比等条件下对高浓度氨氮废水进行研究。结果发现,在常温下p H=11、气液比=900∶1、脱氮剂投加量为0.0848 g/L时,超声吹脱60 min,处理2 000 mg/L的模拟废水时,去除率可达到93%以上,处理浓度为2 156 mg/L的实际废水时,去除率达到90%以上,较普通吹脱法和超声吹脱法分别提高40%和10%。同时还发现,该装置对COD去除率为29.72%,运行成本也只有7.24元/m3。     

甘氨酸厂氨氮废水治理的工艺及实验研究

运用多效真空蒸发兼热泵技术回收甘氨酸厂高氨氮废水中的氯化铵,通过实验找到了治理此废水的最佳真空度,克服了采用常规蒸发方法的能耗大、料液对设备腐蚀性强的缺点。最后运用吹脱法对蒸发冷凝水进行了治理,通过实验得到了吹脱的最佳工艺参数吹脱时间6h、pH125、吹脱温度60℃,为运用生化法彻底解决甘氨酸厂高氨氮工业废水的污染难题奠定了基础。     

苦土处理氮磷废水的研究

采用苦土为沉淀剂对模拟氮磷废水和实际氮磷废水进行了脱氮除磷实验研究,探讨了苦土投加量、pH及反应时间对废水中氮磷去除率的影响。此外,对苦土处理氮磷废水的动力学进行了研究,并对苦土及反应沉淀物进行了XRD分析。结果表明,以苦土为沉淀剂,处理氨氮浓度为200 mg/L的模拟废水的最佳条件为:苦土与氨氮(NH4+-N)的质量比为25∶1,平衡时间10 min,氨氮去除率可达到93%,磷去除率达到99%。用苦土为沉淀剂处理南京某厂的实际氮磷废水(氨氮浓度为590 mg/L,磷浓度为1 630 mg/L),氨氮的去除率达到92%,磷的去除率达到99%。苦土处理氮磷废水的动力学数据符合二级动力学模型,主要以化学反应为主。处理后废水中沉淀物的XRD分析表明其主要成分为磷酸铵镁,进一步证明苦土处理氮磷废水主要以化学反应为主。     

超声去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮

采用超声辐照技术去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮.研究结果表明,超声辐照对垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮有很好的去除效果.渗滤液中氨氮超声去除的机理主要是氨氮以游离氨的形式在空化泡内发生高温热解反应,生成氮气和氢气而排出.     

生物活性炭法深度处理印染废水及其生物毒性的表征

采用负载经驯化后微生物的活性炭深度处理实际印染废水,研究生物活性炭系统中存在的生物相及其降解有机污染物的作用,并表征了处理后印染废水的生物毒性.结果表明,生物相中含有草履虫、轮虫及钟虫等原生动物.随着运行次数的增加,活性炭反应器在运行5次后出水的COD、NH3-N及色度去除率骤降,但是生物活性炭处理后出水的COD、NH3-N及色度去除率缓慢下降.生物活性炭能很好地降解印染废水中的苯酚类和稠环芳烃污染物.本研究中生物活性炭反应器对氨氮和COD的去除符合一级动力学方程,去除动力学常数分别为1.02和0.96.经过生物活性炭的处理可以将印染废水的生物毒性降到适于小球藻生长的水平.     

甘氨酸厂氨氮废水治理的工艺及实验研究

运用多效真空蒸发兼热泵技术回收甘氨酸厂高氨氮废水中的氯化铵，通过实验找到了治理此废水的最佳真空度，克服了采用常规蒸发方法的能耗大、料液对设备腐蚀性强的缺点。最后运用吹脱法对蒸发冷凝水进行了治理，通过实验得到了吹脱的最佳工艺参数：吹脱时间6h、pH12．5、吹脱温度60℃，为运用生化法彻底解决甘氨酸厂高氨氮工业废水的污染难题奠定了基础。     

超声去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮

采用超声辐照技术去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮.研究结果表明,超声辐照对垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮有很好的去除效果.渗滤液中氨氮超声去除的机理主要是氨氮以游离氨的形式在空化泡内发生高温热解反应,生成氮气和氢气而排出.     

氨吹脱处理稀土分离厂中氨氮废水试验研究

稀土分离厂排放大量含氩氮废水,为了使该类废水能得到有效的处理,对稀土废水中中等浓度的氨氮废水进行了氨吹脱试验研究.发现pH、温度和气液比是氨氮去除效率高低的关键因素,废水初始浓度对去除率无影响.调节废水pH＝12,气液比在3 000～4 000,温度在35-45℃范围,浓度为1 570 mg/L的碳铵沉淀洗涤废水经氨吹脱处理可使出水残余氨氮浓度控制在100 mg/L以下,去除率达94%以上.     

复合改性膨润土对氨氮废水的吸附及脱附

为了研究氨氮的吸附及脱附机理,使用了SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)和AlCl_3·6H_2O(六水合三氯化铝)复合改性制备的改性膨润土对氨氮废水进行吸附及脱附性能研究。首先通过改性膨润土对含氨氮废水的吸附动力学实验和等温吸附实验研究膨润土的吸附过程,再利用KCl作为脱附剂,对吸附饱和的膨润土进行脱附再生,使用再生的脱附膨润土复合材料进行吸附实验。实验表明,动力学实验中,准二级动力学方程能够更好的模拟氨氮废水的吸附过程,Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能拟合氨氮的吸附过程,但综合评价,选用Freundlich等温方程式。脱附剂KCl溶液pH为3、浓度为550 mg·L~(-1)时,搅拌速度为250 r·min~(-1),室温下搅拌20 min,吸附饱和膨润土能够很好地脱附,脱附率达到75.21%。再生的复合膨润土材料对氨氮的去除率为62.83%。     

偶氮二异庚腈生产废水处理试验和工程调试

偶氮二异庚腈的生产过程中产生大量的废水,其有机物和氨氮含量高,生化性差.为解决其处理达标问题,采用氨氮吹脱-上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)-A/O- NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化的组合工艺对其进行了试验研究.结果表明,该工艺对COD、氨氮的去除率分别达到99％、98％以上.并在此试验研究的基础上,投资建设了一个污水处理站,采用氨氮吹脱-UASB-A/O-二级好氧-NaOCl强氧化-接触氧化-气浮池的组合工艺,经过一年多的运行,出水水质稳定,对COD、氨氮的去除率分别为99％、98％以上,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.