西安市冬夏季交通主干道环境空气中苯系物的污染特征

利用活性炭吸附/二硫化碳解吸—气相色谱法对西安市具有代表性的大庆路和长安路两处交通主干道进行环境空气监测,分析了冬季和夏季的苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(BTEX)等苯系物的浓度水平和日变化特征。结果表明,大庆路和长安路环境空气中总BTEX平均质量浓度冬季分别为55.27、46.01μg/m3,夏季分别为32.54、20.32μg/m3。两路段最主要的BTEX均为苯和甲苯。BTEX日变化趋势研究显示,冬季呈现早中晚3个高峰,而夏季只有早晚两个高峰;长安路由于地处西安市繁华的商业区,晚高峰出现的比大庆路晚。     

汽油中典型苯系物在静止水相中的溶解及乙醇增溶效应研究

汽油中典型苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯和3种二甲苯的同分异构体,统称BTEX)在含水介质中的溶解情况直接关系到下游BTEX污染程度和污染范围,是汽油泄漏区制定污染场地修复计划的关键资料。为探究汽油BTEX在静止水相中的溶解情况及乙醇对BTEX溶解的影响,利用微元体开展了传统汽油和乙醇汽油(乙醇体积分数10%)静态溶解批实验。结果表明:在静止水相中,油水体积比为1∶70的条件下,水相中BTEX浓度在前9天呈线性快速上升,第13天后进入平衡状态,平衡质量浓度为119.63～130.76mg/L,溶解速度为8.39～13.75mg/(L·d)。乙醇对汽油中的BTEX有一定增溶作用,但效果不明显,且BTEX在乙醇汽油中的溶解速度比传统汽油慢。砂层对BTEX存在吸附作用,可以增强BTEX的溶解。Raoult定律能较好地预测汽油BTEX在静止水相中的溶解,其中高溶解度组分苯和甲苯的实测浓度与预测浓度较为接近。     

Fenton和类Fenton氧化处理地下水中BTEX及其动力学

研究比较Fenton试剂和类Fenton试剂氧化处理地下水中苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)的效果及动力学.结果表明,Fenton氧化处理BTEX较类Fenton效果好,且反应过程中体系均处于强氧化环境,pH值维持在3左右;Fenton和类Fenton氧化去除BTEX过程均符合二级反应动力学方程:1/C=kt+1/C...     

污水处理过程中BTEX迁移降解与去除途径研究

以某涂料废水为研究对象，采用实验检测废水中BTEX浓度和模式计算挥发量相结合的研究方法，对BTEX污染物在污水处理过程中的迁移降解与去除途径进行研究，分析隔油、气浮、氧化沟工艺对苯系物去除效果，同时研究了吸附、挥发和生物降解3大去除途径对苯系物去除的影响。研究表明，该工艺对BTEX的去除效率高，苯的总去除效率为88.11%，甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯和间、对二甲苯总去除率分别高达98.14%、98.09%、97.45%和97.68%。其中苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯主要都是在氧化沟中去除，间、对二甲苯在气浮池和氧化沟都有较高的去除率，隔油池工艺对BTEX的去除率较低。去除途径方面，苯以挥发为主，甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯都以生物降解为主要去除途径，而挥发和生物降解对间、对二甲苯的去除作用相当。     

地下水中BTEX的原位生物修复研究进展

BTEX是苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的统称,存在于原油和石油产品中,其作为化工原料,广泛应用于农药、塑料及合成纤维等制造业.BTEX已成为地下水中普遍存在的污染物,自然衰减或生物修复工程已成功应用于地下水中BTEX的去除.自然衰减受BTEX污染的地下水具有良好的效果,但相比之下,生物修复工程更快、更有效.综述了在好氧和厌氧条件下,地下水中BTEX原位生物修复过程的微生物降解机制.     

可吸附生物反应墙修复地下水中BTEX

在研究填充介质配比的基础上,考察中砂-膨润土-微生物构成的可吸附生物反应墙对模拟地下水中不同浓度BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)的去除效果,并通过添加硝酸盐考察电子受体对地下水BTEX去除效率的贡献。结果表明,膨润土/中砂的最佳体积比为20∶80,此时渗透性反应墙的渗透系数为2.01×10-5m/s,有效孔隙率为16.71%。添加硝酸盐的生物反应墙对不同浓度下BTEX的去除率较为稳定,没有添加硝酸盐的对照组对BTEX的去除效果波动较大。在进水浓度分别为6、8和10 mg/L时,添加硝酸盐的生物反应墙和对照组对BETX的总去除效率分别约为94%、91%,96%、90%,97%和87%。可吸附生物反应墙对BTEX有较好的去除效果,添加硝酸盐对去除BTEX有一定的促进作用。     

新装饰装修房屋室内空气中的苯系物调查

对新装饰装修房屋室内的一类主要有机苯系污染物进行了调查,调查采用吸附柱采集、GC/MS 和GC-FID测定,检测了321家居室内的苯系物.检出的苯系物有12种,苯平均浓度为0.068 mg/m^3,有86.9%的居室符合《室内空气质量标准》（GB/T18883-2002）规定的限量值,甲苯、二甲苯平均浓度分别为0.14 mg/m^3和0.41 mg/m^3,符合《室内空气质量标准》规定限值的居室分别达85.4%和73.3%.苯系物约占室内空气中TVOC的62%,浓度由低到高分别是苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯,其中二甲苯中的间二甲苯占二甲苯总量的55% .     

垃圾焚烧厂恶臭污染物分布特征及健康风险评价

以北京某典型垃圾焚烧厂为研究对象,分析了其不同工艺流程中的恶臭污染物浓度,并进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:(1)共有60种恶臭污染物检出,不同工艺流程中的恶臭污染物总质量浓度由大到小依次是垃圾料坑((128.20±3.63)mg/m3)渗滤液池((58.50±3.45)mg/m3)卸料区((45.70±1.34)mg/m3)炉渣堆放处((22.63±1.38)mg/m3)烟气净化系统((9.33±0.88)mg/m3)。(2)有13种恶臭污染物阈稀释倍数大于5,其在不同工艺流程中的理论臭气浓度排列顺序与恶臭污染物总浓度一致。(3)卸料区和渗滤液池的非致癌风险危害指数大于1,可能存在非致癌风险,主要非致癌风险物是苯和二甲苯。卸料区、炉渣堆放处和渗滤液池的终生致癌风险大于10-4,存在较大致癌风险,主要致癌风险物是苯和乙苯。建议该垃圾焚烧厂加强对恶臭污染的控制和处理,做好对职业暴露人群的健康防护。     

汽车内微环境空气污染的初步探究

为了研究车内的污染水平,在2004-04-10至2004-06-20对车内空气进行了采样和分析.对车龄在2年内的91种型号轿车的车内微环境进行了静态检测,有效检测车辆共计802辆,同时对比检测20辆2002年以前出厂的旧车.检测项目包括甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和CO等.参照国家室内空气质量标准,新车中甲苯浓度超标率达82%,苯和甲醛浓度的超标率分别为75%和24%.在被检测车辆中,甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯浓度均是新车比旧车高,只有CO浓度是旧车比新车高.初步分析判断苯系物主要来源于车内的胶粘剂,甲醛来自于车椅座套和座垫等,CO来源于发动机排放残留.     

上海城郊大气挥发性有机物污染特征、活性组分及风险评估

为了解上海城郊大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的时空污染特征及其对人体潜在健康风险,选取上海某城郊10个点位进行连续6年(2012—2017年)的采样分析。结果表明,上海该城郊大气VOCs平均质量浓度为(243.80±151.52)μg/m3,其中烷烃、卤代烃、芳香烃、含氧VOCs和不饱和脂肪烃依次占VOCs总浓度的45.72%、20.04%、18.84%、11.19%、4.21%。上海郊区不同功能区VOCs总浓度年际变化趋势较为一致,总体呈下降趋势;在空间上,化工区主干道路附近的两采样点VOCs质量浓度最高,分别为307.81、340.97μg/m~3。O3生成潜势和等效丙烯浓度计算结果显示,芳香烃为上海城郊大气中最主要的活性物种,且关键活性组分为甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和异丁烷等。上海城郊大气中27种风险VOCs的总致癌风险值为3.02×10~(-4),高于可接受限值(1.00×10~(-4)),长期暴露可能有致癌风险。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。