好氧微生物降解吲哚的影响因素研究

在好氧条件下,以吲哚作为唯一碳源和能源,从处理焦化废水的活性污泥中分离得到一株细菌,编号CX-YD-XH.研究了该菌在好氧条件下对吲哚的降解性能及环境因素对吲哚降解影响.结果表明,菌种CX-YD-XH对吲哚具有较高的降解性能,去除效率可达85％.弱碱条件有利于吲哚的降解;20～35℃范围内均可有效降解吲哚,但温度为35℃时降解较快;振荡速度对最终去除效率没有明显影响,但适当振荡速度(60 r/min)可有效提高降解速率;在适当的菌种浓度和底物浓度水平上,吲哚具有较高的降解效率.     

吲哚好氧降解污泥的强化培养特性与降解效能研究

为强化处理制药废水中吲哚类难降解有机污染物,采用人工驯化高效好氧活性污泥方式对制药废水进行深度处理。以特征污染物吲哚为碳源,在葡萄糖共基质存在的情况下,采用梯度增加吲哚浓度的方式驯化好氧活性污泥,研究培养过程中活性污泥对吲哚降解特性和微生物特性。实验结果表明:吲哚对活性污泥中微生物生长有抑制作用,但经过2个月强化培养,活性污泥可适应以吲哚为唯一碳源的环境,污泥中细菌种类主要为Comamonas(34.18%)和Acinetobacter(15.45%),可处理的吲哚浓度达200 mg/L,降解效率从80%升提高到98.6%以上,SOUR值稳定在7.61 mg/(g·h)以上,具备了在含吲哚制药废水深度处理工程中应用的条件。     

共基质下白腐菌降解含氮杂环类物质的研究

选用不同的营养基质（秸秆、土豆、合成）,通过液体发酵确定白腐菌对典型含氮类杂环化合物喹啉,吲哚分别进行降解。结果表明：秸秆滤液培养基中,喹啉15d内能被降解88．79％,吲哚在6d内降解率能达到99％。采用此培养基,进一步研究喹啉、吲哚及其它物质共基质条件下,白腐菌对喹啉和吲哚的降解性能,发现在共基质条件下喹啉的降解被抑制,而吲哚则能在共基质条件下3d被完全降解,说明共基质促进了白腐菌对吲哚的降解。     

含氮杂环化合物在厌氧和缺氧条件下的降解研究

选取5种含氮杂环化合物吡啶，吲哚、喹啉、异喹啉，2－甲基喹啉，研究了它们在厌氧和缺氧条件下的降解情况，结果表明，上述5种化合物在厌氧条件下的降解从易到难依次为：吲哚＞异喹啉≈喹啉＞吡啶＞2－甲基喹啉，在缺氧条件下的降解从易到难依次排列为：吡啶＞吲哚＞喹啉＞2－甲基喹啉＞异喹啉。实验比较，说明5种化合物在缺氧条件下都比在厌氧条件下容易降解，特别是吡啶，其降解速率有很大提高。     

不同共代谢基质对白腐菌降解吲哚的作用研究

选用氨氮、苯酚和喹啉作为吲哚的共代谢基质,通过白腐菌BP对共基质体系的降解研究了白腐菌在秸秆滤出液培养基中对不同共基质体系的代谢过程,并进行了动力学分析,考察了不同共代谢基质物质对白腐菌漆酶分泌和吲哚降解的影响.结果显示,不同降解体系中的白腐菌都可去除99%以上的吲哚.充分的氮源可提高白腐菌的活性和漆酶酶活的峰值;共基质苯酚和喹啉可以增加白腐菌漆酶产量,为吲哚的降解提供较多的电子,同时苯酚和喹啉也能得到较高的去除.在秸秆滤出液中,白腐菌在pH为6～8之间对吲哚都具有较强的降解能力.吲哚在白腐菌的代谢过程中,可能首先在吡啶环的2和3位发生一步羰基化.     

好氧MBBR处理含吲哚废水的工艺优化试验研究

为了处理制药企业废水中吲哚类有机污染物,采用好氧MBBR(移动床生物膜反应器)工艺对含吲哚废水进行了试验研究,通过考察HRT、曝气量、吲哚冲击负荷等工艺条件对吲哚、COD和NH_4~+-N等去除效果的影响,确定了好氧MBBR反应器的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,在HRT在6~18 h变化时,MBBR工艺对吲哚去除率在8 h以上时达到100%,COD去除率在8 h达到89.65%,而NH_4~+-N去除率在12 h达到最高。在曝气量为0.1~0.12 m L/min时,MBBR工艺对COD和NH_4~+-N去除率分别为88.88%~92.95%和65%~66.83%。进水吲哚浓度25~65 mg/L变化时,好氧MBBR对吲哚去除率保持在100%,而对COD和NH_4~+-N去除率也保持在80%和40%以上,表明好氧MBBR工艺在处理难降解有机污染物方面具有显著优势。     

厌氧反硝化产甲烷体系中喹啉与吲哚共基质的降解特性

研究了厌氧反硝化产甲烷体系中,典型含氮杂环化合物喹啉、吲哚作为共基质碳源,厌氧生物对二者的降解特性,及群落分析.结果表明：在共基质条件下,喹啉的存在对吲哚的生物降解有抑制作用,且抑制随喹啉浓度的升高而升高;吲哚的存在对喹啉的生物降解有促进作用,但吲哚浓度过高（150mg/L）抑制了喹啉的降解;喹啉、吲哚共基质时,二者的降解都遵循零级反应动力学;通过GC-MS分析,喹啉的主要中间代谢产物分别为2（1H）喹诺酮与8-羟基-2（1H）喹诺酮;吲哚的主要代谢产物为2-吲哚酮与靛红;通过高通量测序对共基质体系的微生物群落进行分析,发现厌氧功能菌群得到富集,细菌菌门以变形菌门Proteobacteria为主,菌纲以Gammaproteobacteria和Betaproteobacteria为主,菌属以Acinetobacter,Candidimonas,Azospira,和Desulfomicrobium为主.     

焦化废水中几种含氮杂环有机物在A1-A2-O系统中的降解特性研究

在对焦化废水中有机物在A1－A2－O生物膜系统中降解转化规律进行分析的基础上，选取焦化废水中6种主要的含氮杂环化合物，吡啶，吲哚，喹啉，异喹啉，8－羟基喹啉，与苯酚共同配制成溶液，在A1－A2－O生物膜系统中运行，结果表明上述几种含氮杂环有机物在A1－A2－O 都可得到较完全的去除，它们在厌氧段的降解速率从大到小依次为，吲哚＞2－甲基喹啉＞8－羟基喹啉＞异喹啉＞喹啉＞吡啶。在厌氧条件下，吲哚和喹啉存在拮抗作用，而吡啶对喹啉有协同作用，啉啶的加入有利于改善由喹啉和吲哚之间产生的拮抗作用。     

链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)对吲哚废水的降解特性

链霉菌(Streptomycessp.)HJ02能以吲哚为唯一碳源生长,考察了初始吲哚质量浓度、外加碳源、温度、pH等对其降解效果的影响,探讨了该菌降解吲哚的动力学与机理.结果表明,链霉菌对吲哚有很强的耐受力,在pH=7、温度为30℃的条件下培养6d,初始浓度为300mg·L-1吲哚的降解率达到97.4%.菌株对吲哚的降解过程动力学符合Andrews方程.外加葡萄糖会抑制链霉菌降解吲哚的速率,葡萄糖与吲哚之间存在底物竞争抑制.紫外光谱与GC分析表明,吲哚的特征杂环被链霉菌破坏.     

一株新颖的Providencia sp.菌降解吲哚及合成靛蓝的特性研究

吲哚是一种典型的氮杂环芳烃污染物,在焦化废水和畜牧废水中大量存在.本研究从近海泥沙中分离纯化得到一株高效吲哚降解菌DCX,经16S rRNA基因序列比对分析,鉴定其为普罗维登斯菌属(Providencia sp.).该菌株能够以吲哚为唯一碳源,在28 h内将100 mg·L~(-1)吲哚完全降解.液相色谱/飞行时间-质谱联用(LC/TOF-MS)的结果表明,靛蓝、靛红、靛红酸及邻氨基苯甲酸是菌株DCX降解吲哚过程中的中间产物.此外,本研究中发现,外加营养物质可以促进菌株DCX降解吲哚,特别是加入酵母浸粉后,反应体系中会产生大量靛蓝.利用表面响应法确定菌株DCX转化吲哚合成靛蓝的最优条件为:吲哚207.49 mg·L~(-1),酵母浸粉2.9 g·L-1,接菌量4.23%(V/V),并且在最优条件下,靛蓝产率达到最高(9.90%),比初始条件提高了4.38倍.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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