人工湿地基质渗滤特性及净化污水效果

以细沙、细沙和碎石质量比为1：1、1：2、2：1的三种组合，以及煤渣和壤土质量比为1：1的混合物共五种基质为供试对象，通过比较测定不同基质渗透性，选择渗透性较好的基质搭配填入人工湿地模型中，测定进出水水质，研究基质对系统净化污水的效果。结果表明，渗透性对人工湿地系统净化污水有一定影响。当基质渗透性较好、孔隙率较高时，污水总磷、氨氮、以及化学需氧量去除率较高；随时间延长，各指标去除率降低，其中总磷去除率与时间有较好的线性相关。     

层状双金属氢氧化物覆膜改性人工湿地无烟煤基质除磷

分别选取MgCl2、ZnCl2、CaCl2、CoCl3、FeCl3、AlCl3等6种金属化合物合成9种不同类型层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs),利用其对垂直流人工湿地无烟煤基质进行LDHs覆膜改性;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的无烟煤基质进行模拟垂直流人工湿地净化污水试验.结果表明:相对于原始无烟煤基质,各种LDHs覆膜改性基质对总磷、溶解性总磷、颗粒态磷和磷酸盐的去除率均有不同程度的提高;Zn2+参与合成的改性基质对总磷、溶解性总磷、颗粒态磷和磷酸盐均有很好的去除效果,其中ZnCo-LDHs和ZnAl-LDHs改性基质对总磷和溶解性总磷的平均去除率超过95%,对磷酸盐平均去除率达到98%以上.     

垂直流人工湿地MgFe-LDHs覆膜改性基质净化效果研究

选取生物陶粒、无烟煤、沸石3种垂直流人工湿地常用基质,采用金属摩尔比(M2+ : M3+)为2:1的MgCl2溶液和FeCl3溶液在碱性条件下共沉淀即时生成MgFe-LDHs,并将其覆膜于所选3种垂直流人工湿地基质表面;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的6种基质进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化受污染湖水的小试试验,并进行对比分析.结果表明:该种针对垂直流人工湿地典型基质的MgFe-LDHs覆膜改性方式可行;改性后的3种基质对CODCr、氨氮、总磷的净化效果均有不同程度的提高;其中,无烟煤基质的覆膜改性性能最优,改性后的无烟煤基质对CODCr、氨氮、总磷的平均去除率分别超过了80%、60%和90%.     

构建湿地基质微生物与净化效果及相关分析

 利用平皿计数法和其他传统方法,研究了复合垂直流构建湿地基质微生物数量的季节变化以及它们与污水净化效果的相关性.结果表明,不同月份复合垂直流构建湿地基质中的微生物数量也不相同;构建湿地净化污水的过程中,下行流池发挥了主要作用;构建湿地基质中微生物数量与污水中的KN以及COD_Cr的去除率存在显著相关性,说明微生物的活动是它们去除的主要途径;构建湿地基质中的微生物数量与TSS以及TP的去除率没有明显的相关性,这说明TSS和TP的去除有其他途径.本研究为进一步利用构建湿地处理污水提供了依据.     

人工湿地基质微生物状况与净化效果相关分析

利用混菌法和稀释法,测定了不同植物以及无植物潜流水平湿地基质中微生物的数量.结果表明:不同植物湿地基质中微生物的数量差异不显著,有植物和无植物湿地的差别不明显;湿地基质中不同空间位置的微生物数量各不相同,一般上层多于下层;在湿地运行条件相对稳定的情况下,湿地基质中会逐渐形成数量和活性比较稳定的生物群落.分析了人工湿地基质中微生物数量与污水净化效果的关系.结果表明:微生物数量与BOD₅及TN的去除有显著的相关性,说明微生物的作用是去除它们的重要途径;基质微生物数量与TP的去除率相关性不明显.测定了湿地基质硝化速率,其硝化能力与亚硝化细菌的数量呈显著相关.      

北方地区人工湿地系统去除氨氮、总磷试验研究

减少排向水体的氨氮和总磷是促进水环境质量好转的有效措施之一。本文根据湿地植物的生长期特点,分不同时段进行了氨氮和总磷净化效果对比。试验表明,人工湿地系统对氨氮的去除率可达到87.1%,对总磷的去除率可达到91.8%,说明了在北方地区利用人工湿地系统去除市政污水中的氨氮和总磷等污染物的可行性,处理方法符合目前水环境生态保护趋势要求。     

人工湿地基质微生物状况与净化效果相关分析

了解微生物在湿地基质中的状况对理解人工湿地去除污染物机理具有重要意义。利用混菌法和稀释法，测定了不同植物以及无植物的潜流水平湿地基质中微生物的数量，研究了潜流水平湿地不同空间基质微生物的类群数量以及它们与污水净化效果的关系。结果表明，不同植物的湿地基质微生物数量差异不显著，有植物和无植物湿地的差别不明显；湿地基质中不同空间处微生物数量不相同，一般上层多于下层。在湿地运行条件相对稳定的情况下，湿地基质中会逐渐形成数量和活性比较稳定的生物群落。人工湿地基质中微生物数量与BOD5、TN的去除有显著相关性，说明微生物的作用是去除它们的重要途径；基质中微生物数量与TP的去除率相关性不明显，说明磷的去除尚有其他途径。测定了湿地基质硝化速率，硝化能力与亚硝化细菌的数量呈显著相关。     

湿地植被对污水净化效果分析研究

人工湿地植被种植对污水净化具有显著性的改善作用,分析人工湿地植被种植与污水净化的量化关系,分析人工湿地植被种植对污水改善的原理,建立生态植被污水净化处理模式,采用多元回归分析方法人工湿地植被对水质控制和小型富营养水体生态恢复的效益因素,以营养物的去除率、重金属的去除率以及有机物去除率为指标,分析人工湿地植被种植对污水净化的生态学改善模型。研究表明,人工湿地植被种植能增加水体透明度,降低水体中的富营养物和重金属等物质,对污水具有显著性的改善作用。     

几种人工湿地基质净化磷素的机理

研究了砂子、沸石、蛭石、黄褐土、下蜀黄土、粉煤灰和矿渣7种人工湿地基质材料净化污水磷素的机理,并初步评价了其作为人工湿地基质可能导致的磷素二次污染的风险.结果表明,矿渣、粉煤灰有很好的磷素去除效果,蛭石、黄褐土和下蜀黄土次之,沸石和砂子的去除效果较差.上述人工湿地基质净化磷素的机理主要为化学机理,表现为基质全钙、氧化钙、水溶性钙的含量越高,其固定形成的磷酸钙盐越多,在pH值较高的情况下,主要形成难溶性的磷酸八钙和磷酸十钙,有利于磷素的净化;基质中游离氧化铁、铝和胶体氧化铁、铝含量越高,其固定形成的磷酸铁盐和磷酸铝盐数量越多,基质净化磷素的能力越强.除砂子外,上述基质磷素饱和吸附后,磷素释放比例很低.加强人工湿地基质管理,其基质吸附的磷素一般不会对水体环境造成二次污染.     

几种人工湿地基质净化磷素污染性能的分析

通过基质磷素等温吸附、净化磷素污染效果和基质磷素饱和吸附后磷素释放实验,研究了砂子、沸石、蛭石、黄褐土、下蜀黄土、粉煤灰和矿渣7种人工湿地基质净化磷素污染效果和影响因素,并评价了基质磷素饱和吸附后磷素释放可能造成的二次污染风险结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附曲线方程均能很好地描述上述基质磷素吸附过程,其磷素理论饱和吸附量依次为矿渣＞粉煤灰＞蛭石＞表土＞下蜀黄土＞沸石＞砂子.磷素的净化能力依次为矿渣＞粉煤灰＞蛭石＞表土＞下蜀黄土＞沸石＞砂子,模拟污水磷素净化实验也证实矿渣、粉煤灰、蛭石净化磷素污染效果较好,表土和下蜀黄土次之,沸石和砂子净化磷素污染效果较差.矿渣和粉煤灰等钙素含量较高的碱性基质,影响磷素吸附净化效果的主要因素是基质的全钙含量,碱性条件下,基质全钙含量越高,其吸附的磷素越多,净化磷素污染的效果越好.砂子、沸石、下蜀黄土、黄褐土和蛭石等活性胶体氧化铁铝含量较多的中性基质,影响其磷素吸附净化效果的主导因素是其胶体氧化铁的含量,胶体氧化铁能促进基质吸附磷素效应,提高磷素净化能力.基质磷素饱和吸附后磷素释放实验也表明:除砂子基质磷素释放比例较高以外,其它基质磷素释放的比例很低,加强人工湿地基质的管理,上述人工湿地基质一般不会对水体环境造成二次污染.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.