温度对自养型同步脱氮工艺处理猪场废水厌氧消化液性能及微生物群落的影响

通过运行4个不同温度条件下(30、25、20和15℃)的自养型同步脱氮反应器,研究了不同温度下自养型同步脱氮工艺处理猪场废水厌氧消化液的性能差异及其微生物机制.结果表明,30℃条件下反应器脱氮性能最佳.当温度由30℃降为25℃时,反应器总氮去除率从73%降低到66%,总氮去除速率从2. 29 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)降低到1. 72 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),污泥的形态和粒径变化不明显(SMD由80. 85μm降为79. 95μm).当温度低于20℃时,总氮去除率降低到42%,总氮去除速率降低到1. 18 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),同时发现污泥出现解体现象,粒径减小(SMD为63. 21μm).而当温度为15℃时,总氮去除率降低至37%,总氮去除速率低至1. 00 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),反应器运行困难.微生物群落结构分析表明,温度对厌氧氨氧化细菌的影响明显大于氨氧化细菌,因此低温条件下反应器脱氮性能下降的主要原因是厌氧氨氧化细菌对温度更敏感.     

高含氟的光伏废水反硝化可行性及经济性分析

在多晶硅废水处理过程中,为了减少先除氟后脱氮工艺中酸碱的投加量.本实验运行反硝化反应器研究了先脱氮后除氟工艺中先脱氮的可行性.结果表明,废水中F-浓度对反硝化存在一定的影响.当F-浓度控制在750 mg·L~(-1)左右,反硝化污泥脱氮速率无明显影响,当F-浓度继续增加时,反硝化污泥的脱氮速率逐步降低.在处理含F-(浓度控制在800 mg·L~(-1))多晶硅清洗废水时,反硝化污泥的脱氮性能无明显影响,经过93 d的运行,总氮出水稳定在50 mg·L~(-1)以内,总氮去除率达到90%以上,去除速率达到5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).经计算,与传统先除氟后脱氮工艺相比,可节省大约70%的碱投加量和100%的酸投加量,极大地降低废水处理成本.     

不同TOC/NH4+-N对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响

采用SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器,研究了不同TOC与NH_4~+-N比值对厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮效能的长短期影响.结果表明,在有机物短期影响时,反应器所能承受的最大TOC/NH_4~+-N为1.4,总氮去除速率可达0.26 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).长期影响下,在TOC/NH_4~+-N小于0.4时,反应器可获得最高脱氮效能,总氮去除率为0.34 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),TOC/NH_4~+-N大于0.4后,反应器脱氮效能持续降低,并且短期内厌氧氨氧化菌难以迅速恢复活性.利用q PCR(定量PCR)技术对长期影响前后反应器内菌种群落变化做定量分析,结果表明随着有机物的增加,反应器中的ANAMMOX菌数量从2.9×10~(11)copies·mL~(-1)减少至3.15×10~(10)copies·mL~(-1),在TOC/NH_4~+-N大于1.6的环境中,NH_4~+-N未能由厌氧氨氧化菌去除,厌氧氨氧化菌不能表现出生物活性.此时测得反硝化菌数量为3.0×10~9copies·mL~(-1),反应器中的NO_2~--N绝大部分由反硝化去除,虽然反硝化菌数量远少于ANAMMOX菌,但能表现出远超ANAMMOX菌的活性.     

中试一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动与区域特性

通过好氧区接种亚硝化悬浮填料,厌氧区接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥和普通厌氧污泥研究了中试规模下一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动与区域特性.结果表明,历时74 d成功启动中试一体式PN-ANAMMOX反应器,整体氮去除速率由0.02 kg·(m3·d)-1上升至0.48 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,可达到快速启动的效果,接种ANAMMOX污泥的比例与活性是实现PN-ANAMMOX反应器快速启动的关键因素;对两区域氮素转化特性分析表明,好氧区中AOB一直处于优势地位,NOB受到DO和基质的双重抑制,亚硝化效果稳定,NPRa由0.22 kg·(m3·d)-1上升到0.58 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,NAPa随着厌氧区脱氮能力的提升可达95%以上;厌氧区为一体式PN-ANAMMOX反应器的关键性区域,NRRana由0.02 kg·(m3·d)-1上升至4.7 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,期间中常温(温度由32℃下降至27℃)的变化首先对厌氧区产生影响,NRRana下降至3.7kg·(m3·d)-1左右,降低约21%,而对好氧区影响不大;在长时间运行下,两区域均可实现大量ANAMMOX菌的富集,此时好氧区也具有一定的脱氮能力,厌氧区则起强化脱氮的作用.     

硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水可行性

为了研究硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水的可行性,室温(20~25℃)下,采用驯化后的硫自养反硝化生物膜反应器,探究了不同进水F-浓度对硫自养反硝化脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,当进水F-浓度为0~700 mg·L~(-1)时,随着F-浓度的提升,反应器的脱氮效能逐渐提升,且当F-浓度为700 mg·L~(-1)时,可获最大TN去除速率1.0 kg·(m3·d)-1.当进水F-浓度在700~900 mg·L~(-1)时,经短期驯化,TN去除速率可稳定在0.81~0.87 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当进水F-浓度提升至900 mg·L~(-1)以上时,反应器的TN去除速率随进水F-浓度的提升而下降,最低至0.4~0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).以光伏废水为研究对象,在进水F-浓度为800 mg·L~(-1)左右,进水NO_3~--N浓度为390~420 mg·L~(-1),HRT为8.8 h的条件下,经50 d运行后,获得稳定的脱氮效能,TN去除速率为1.1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水TN为15~25 mg·L~(-1),达到污水接管排放标准.采用传统反硝化工艺和硫自养反硝化工艺脱氮处理光伏废水的成本分别为2.468元·t~(-1)和2.072 8元·t~(-1),硫自养反硝化工艺更节约脱氮处理成本.     

基于厌氧氨氧化的含氨废气原位处理

采用部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器研究了含氨废气原位脱氮处理的可行性.结果表明,在控制低溶解氧(0.2~1 mg·L~(-1)),pH为7.9~8.2,中温(30~35℃)条件下,经过60 d的运行,成功地实现部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器的启动,总氮去除率达到88%,氮去除速率由0.05 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)上升并稳定在0.7 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).在含氨废气处理研究中,当含氨废气浓度低于2.59%,废气中原有的氧过量,导致硝态氮大量累积;当含氨废气体积分数为2.59%~4.2%时,废气中氧满足反应器脱氮的需求;当含氨废气体积分数高于4.2%,需要额外通入空气,补充反应器内的氧需求.经过60 d的运行,氨气的去除率达100%,总氮去除率达90.06%,总氮去除负荷为0.51 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).说明基于厌氧氨氧化反应的一体化反应器可实现含氨废气稳定去除.     

中常温变化对PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮效果的影响

通过接种成熟的亚硝化膜和厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了中常温变化对PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮速率的影响及微生物群落的变化.结果表明,常温下能够实现PN-ANAMMOX联合脱氮,并且脱氮速率达到0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).但是PN过程亚硝化速率下降,ANAMMOX菌活性未得到充分发挥,导致PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮速率远低于中温条件下的1.75kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水水质较差.温度的上升易导致NOB的快速生长,PN过程失稳,但是通过增加回流量可对NOB的活性进行有效地控制.QPCR分析结果进一步表明接种中温环境下的AOB和ANAMMOX微生物在常温条件下不利于生长,出现部分死亡;当恢复到中温的环境时,相应的功能微生物出现了快速地生长.因此,在PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺的运行过程中应尽可能地满足功能微生物适宜的温度.     

CANON颗粒污泥工艺的启动与负荷提高策略

为缩短工程应用中CANON颗粒污泥工艺的启动时间及提高总氮去除负荷,利用SBR反应器,研究了CANON颗粒污泥工艺启动规律与负荷提高策略.试验过程中,温度控制在30℃±1℃,pH 7~8,根据反应器内污泥形态及脱氮效果,调整沉淀时间及曝气量.结果表明,反应器运行55 d后,实现了絮体和颗粒污泥共生系统向颗粒污泥系统的转变;117 d时,总氮去除负荷达到0.32 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),并能稳定维持,CANON颗粒污泥工艺启动成功.通过采取不断提高曝气量的方式,运行77 d后,总氮去除负荷能平均维持在1.35 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),实现了工艺负荷的提高.试验中发现总氮去除负荷和DO之间具有较好的相关性,可以简单地通过观察DO浓度掌握脱氮效能,维持工艺的稳定运行.     

反硝化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能

本研究在一体式分区反应器中接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥和亚硝化污泥,通过与反硝化反应器串联,研究了前置反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明,未串联反硝化之前,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器在进水氨氮浓度为600 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1)时,总氮去除速率(NRR)可达1.88 kg·(m3·d)-1,总氮去除率(NRE)可达90.3%;而在进水COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1),即C/N0.8时,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的NRR下降至1.50 kg·(m3·d)-1.通过前置反硝化反应器可以迅速缓解有机物对厌氧氨氧化的不利影响;反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联反应器在进水NH+4-N浓度为1 100 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度1 150 mg·L~(-1)时,仍可稳定高效运行,整体NRR可达1.37kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区NRRana高达15.6 kg·(m3·d)-1,平均NRE可达98.6%,在仅利用原水中有机碳源的情况下实现了垃圾渗滤液的高效深度脱氮.此工艺晚期处理垃圾渗滤液可去除大部分易生物降解有机物.     

温度对海洋厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮效能的影响

采用ASBR反应器,研究了不同温度对海洋厌氧氨氧化菌处理含海水污水脱氮效能的影响,并利用修正的Logistic模型模拟不同温度下海洋厌氧氨氧化菌的动力学特性.结果表明,在25~35℃之间,温度对反应器的脱氮效能影响不大,总氮去除率(TNRE)基本保持在(82±2)%,总氮容积负荷去除速率(TNRR)稳定在(0.62±0.01)kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);在20℃时,TNRE从起始的59%经过13d上升到79%,说明在此温度下,海洋厌氧氨氧化菌仍然具有较强的脱氮能力,反应器在较低温处理含海水污水具有较好的发挥潜能;然而当温度降到15℃和10℃时,反应器的脱氮效能受到明显的抑制,TNRE分别下降至(40±8)%和(11±4)%,TNRR也下降至(0.30±0.04)kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和(0.08±0.03)kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).根据Arrhenius方程得到,在25~35℃时,海洋厌氧氨氧化反应的活化能为26 k J·mol~(-1),在10~25℃时,海洋厌氧氨氧化反应的活化能为76 k J·mol~(-1).此外,通过Logistic模型对海洋厌氧氨氧化脱氮进行动力学分析,得到不同温度下NRE和出水总氮浓度(ceff)的预测公式,相关系数R2在0.966 8~0.995 7之间.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.