长江源区大气降水化学特征及离子来源

基于长江源区冬克玛底流域2013年6～9月采集的64个降水样品,分析了降水的pH值、电导率及离子浓度特征,并应用因子分析、相关分析、富集因子及后向轨迹法,讨论了降水离子主要来源及其与大气环流的联系.结果表明,长江源区冬克玛底流域降水pH值变化范围为5. 26～9. 25,加权平均值为6. 70;电导率变化范围为0. 23～28. 70μS·cm-1,加权平均值为3. 45μS·cm-1,低于瓦里关全球大气本底站降水电导率;总离子浓度变化范围为7. 0～376. 9μeq·L-1,平均总浓度仅为40. 8μeq·L-1;各离子加权平均浓度大小顺序为:HCO_3~- NH_4~+ Ca~(2+) NO_3~- SO_4~(2-) Na~+ Cl~- K~+ Mg~(2+); HCO_3~-、NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)和NO_3~-是降水中的主要离子,占总离子浓度的74. 75%;相对酸度(FA)分析表明,有97. 8%的降水酸度被碱性物质中和,同时中和因子(NF)分析表明NH_4~+和Ca~(2+)对降水酸性的中和起主导作用;研究区降水离子主要来自陆源的贡献,而来自海源的输入则相对较少;结合气团的后向轨迹分析发现,不同来源的总离子浓度差异明显,其加权平均浓度大小顺序为:局地源西风源季风源,表明不同的大气环流背景和气团来源对降水化学组成具有重要影响.长江源区大气降水受人类活动影响较小,其降水化学特征一定程度上可以代表偏远地区的大气质量状况和本底值.研究结果能够为长江源区水质的保护以及为评估人类活动对该区域大气环境的影响提供科学依据.     

沧州市大气降水化学特征分析

为了解沧州大气降水化学特征,于2009年4-11月采集了沧州大气降水样品,测定了pH值、电导率和主要离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-)浓度。结果表明,观测期间降水pH值为4.18~7.30,降水量加权平均pH值为5.23,降水酸化频率为34%;电导率值为18.5~245.0μS/cm,降水量加权平均电导率值为39.2μS/cm;降水主要离子加权平均浓度为641.36μeq/L;降水中主要阳离子成分是NH4+和Ca2+,降水量加权平均浓度分别为191.06和96.81μeq/L,分别占到阳离子总量的53%和27%;阴离子主要成分是SO42-和NO3-,降水量加权平均浓度分别为175.05和58.19μeq/L,分别占到阳离子总量的63%和21%。降水中[SO42-]/[NO3-]值为3.01,仍属于硫酸型降水,但酸雨类型逐渐由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型过渡;[NH4+]/[Ca2+]值为1.97,NH4+对降水酸度的中和作用要大于Ca2+;NH4+、SO42-和NO3-等二次组分占到降水中主要离子总量的66%,表明二次污染比较严重。降水离子相关分析表明,SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、NH4+的相关性较好,SO42-和NO3-的相关系数为0.732,NH4+与SO42-(R=0.540)、NO3-(R=0.628)的相关系数分别大于Ca2+与SO42-(R=0.532)、NO3-(R=0.410)相关系数。气流轨迹分析表明,研究区降水主要受到5类气团影响,不同气团影响下,降水pH值、电导率和离子组成存在差异。     

大气降水化学特征分析——以佛山市禅城区为例

为了解佛山市禅城区大气降水化学特征,该研究于2018年1~12月采集禅城区大气降水样品,测定降雨量、pH值、电导率和SO4^2?、NO3^?、NO^2?、F^?、Cl^?、Ca2^+、Mg2^+、K^+、Na^+和NH4^+等阴阳离子。结果表明,2018年佛山市禅城区降雨量为2058.6 mm,主要集中在5~9月份;pH值在3.95~6.47之间,年均值为5.35,pH值春、夏季较低,秋、冬季较高,酸雨频率为46.0%;电导率在3.51~100.40μS/cm之间,年均值为22.48μS/cm;降水离子浓度所占比例大小顺序为:NO3^?>SO4^2?>Cl^?>NH4^+>Ca2^+>NO2^?>K^+>Na^+>Mg2^+>F^?,其中NO3^?和SO4^2?是降水中主要的阴离子,NH4^+和Ca2^+是主要的阳离子,这4种离子占总离子的76.0%;除个别离子外,春季和冬季各离子浓度较秋季高,而夏季最低,阴阳离子之间存在着显著或极显著正相关关系。     

中国南海大气降水化学特征

利用中国科学院南海海洋研究所"实验3"号船南海海洋断面科学考察2012年夏季航次进行大气降水采样,测定样品pH值和主要阴阳离子浓度,结合TrajStat软件模拟后向气团轨迹,分析南海夏季大气降水离子化学特征及来源.结果表明,夏季降水pH平均值为6.3,最小值为5.6.阴阳离子浓度顺序均分别表现为Cl->SO2-4>NO-3和Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+,Cl-和Na+是主要的阴离子和阳离子,浓度平均值分别为2 637.5μeq·L-1和2 095.5μeq·L-1,表现出了海洋性大气降水的特征.7种离子间均表现出良好的线性相关关系,相关系数在0.9以上,说明它们可能具有统一来源;NO-3与其他离子的相关系数相对较低,可能NO-3具有相对复杂的来源;Ca2+和K+还可能跟南海珊瑚环境有关.本研究的6个站位后向轨迹显示,水汽气团来源于正南或西南方向,未经过大陆上空,因此本研究中南海夏季大气降水的离子来源受人为影响可以忽略.     

南昌市新城区大气降水化学特征与主要成分来源解析

为了解南昌新城区大气降水化学特性和来源,于2013年5月15日—2014年1月24日采集当地有效降水样品39个,分析其降水化学特性,包括pH、电导率和主要离子(Na+、NH₄+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO₃-和SO₄2-)的浓度.结果表明:南昌市新城区降水pH介于3.67～5.86之间,降水量加权平均值为4.63;电导率在6.13～73.01 μS/cm之间,降水量加权平均值为29.02 μS/cm;降水中总离子浓度为154.1～474.3 μeq/L,降水量加权平均值为300.1 μeq/L.SO₄2-、Ca2+、NH₄+和NO₃-是降水中的主要离子,合计占总离子浓度的82.6%.SO₄2-/NO₃-(当量离子浓度比)在1.82～3.61之间,平均值为2.66.南昌市新城区降水相对酸度为0.43,57.0%的致酸物质被大气中碱性物质中和,主要的酸度中和因子为Ca2+和NH₄+,分别贡献50.0%和36.6%的中和量.阴阳离子三角图分析表明,阴离子主要来自人为源;阳离子来源包括地壳源和人为源.富集系数分析表明,99.5%的Ca2+、88.4%的K+、63.0%的Mg2+来自地壳源;Mg2+、K+、Ca2+的海洋源输入分别为30.7%、4.6%和0.5%;1.2%的Cl-来自地壳源,55.8%来自海洋源,43.0%来自人为源;96.8%的SO₄2-和99.5%的NO₃-来自人为源.研究显示,南昌市新城区的降水为混合型降水,人为源对大气环境产生了重要影响.      

贵阳大气降水化学特征及来源分析

对贵阳地区2008年10月1日~2009年9月30日降水样品的pH值和主要阴阳离子组成的进行测定,并运用TrajStat软件模拟后向气团轨迹,分析了贵阳地区降水中离子来源以及影响离子浓度的因素.结果表明,2008~2009全年降水pH值加权平均值为4.23;SO42-是主要阴离子,加权平均值为265.63μeq/L,占总阴离子的69.29%.Ca2+和NH4+是主要的阳离子,加权平均值分别为182.90和112.79μeq/L,分别占总离子的47.10%和29.05%.并且NH4+、Ca2+与SO42-之间存在明显的相关性,说明贵阳大气中可能主要存着(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、CaSO4等物质.总离子浓度季节差异性大,冬季高、夏季低,主要受到降水量、污染物来源等多方面的影响.海相和土壤富集系数表明,Ca2+、Mg2+、K+主要来自地壳源,而SO42-、NO3-主要来自人为源.贵阳后向轨迹表明春季气团轨迹较为杂乱,夏季气团主要来自沿海,秋冬季则主要受中国内陆的影响.     

黔江区降水化学组份变化趋势及相关性分析研究

通过对重庆市黔江区"十二五"期间320个降水样品的pH值和化学组成成分等特征进行了研究,结果表明,五年间黔江区降水pH范围为4.71~7.81,电导率范围为21.8~42.5 μS/cm-1,平均值33.4 μS/cm-1.降水pH和电导率的Spearman秩相关系数法检验表明,pH的rs为正值,电导率的rs为负值,五年期间大气降水中总离子当量浓度有所下降,降水酸雨环境得到有效控制.SO2-4是降水中主要阴离子,占阴离子总量的74.3%,Ca2+是降水中主要阳离子,占阳离子总量的31.4%.黔江区酸雨为硫酸型或燃煤型酸雨,SO2-4/NO-3浓度比均值为7.13,SO2-4/NO-3比值在2013年达最大值,之后呈现减小趋势,黔江区汽车尾气和工业排放的NOx对降水的影响在变大.在99.0%的置信水平下,降水离子浓度总和与电导率线性相关显著.相关性研究表明:降水中SO2-4、NH+4、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-主要来自煤燃烧.Mg2+、Na+与Cl-即来源于地壳源又来自于海洋远源传输,人类活动对黔江区降水影响较大.     

浙江宁波天童地区酸性降水化学特征研究

为了解浙江宁波天童地区降水的化学特征、离子来源及酸性降水的成因,于2010年3月—2011年2月在该地区采集了90个降水样品,并运用离子色谱法分析其化学组分.结果显示,天童地区降水的酸化频率和酸化程度非常高,酸雨频率为97%,雨量加权pH平均值为4.37,离子浓度的大小顺序为SO24->NH4+>NO3->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+>F-,降水较清洁;降水pH值和各离子含量存在明显的季节变化,总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏、秋季;SO24-/NO3-的浓度比值为1.9,表明该地区酸雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型;SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和部分Ca2+主要来自人为污染源,Na+、Cl-和大部分Mg2+主要来自海洋源,K+和大部分Ca2+则主要来自地壳源,海洋对天童地区降水离子组分影响较大,但对降水酸度影响并不显著;NH4+与SO42-(r=0.90)、NO3-(r=0.88)的相关性分别大于Ca2+与SO24-(r=0.67)、NO3-(r=0.73)的相关性,且NH4+/Ca2+的浓度比值为1.47,说明NH4+对降水酸性的中和作用大于Ca2+,与我国其他城市降水相比,天童地区降水中的碱性离子,尤其是Ca2+浓度较低,从而导致降水酸度高于北方地区和西南其他地区.     

崇明东滩湿地降水化学特征及来源解析

2009年5月~2010年4月收集了崇明东滩湿地降水,测定了样品的pH值、电导率和主要水溶性离子的浓度,并利用富集因子法和后向轨迹分析对降水中无机离子成分进行源解析.结果表明,崇明东滩整体空气质量良好,大气污染物浓度较低.降水的pH值和电导率的加权均值分别为5.24,17.49μS/cm,为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;SO42?和NO3?是主要的致酸离子,加权浓度分别为52.27,21.39μeq/L;NH4+和Ca2+是主要的碱性离子,加权浓度分别为33.36,27.13μeq/L;离子来源分析表明,Na+和Cl?主要来自于海洋,NH4+的中和作用大于Ca2+和Mg2+,大气颗粒物主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、NH4NO3的形式存在;后向轨迹分析表明降水主要受海洋风向影响,西北、西南方向和长江三角洲地区的人为污染物的中长尺度传输是造成崇明东滩酸雨的重要原因.     

典型污染城市9d连续大气降水化学特征:以贵阳市为例

对贵阳地区2008年10月30日～11月7日的一场连续降水进行研究.通过对降水样品的pH值和主要阴阳离子组成的测定,分析了贵阳地区酸雨的主要离子来源以及离子浓度随降水过程的变化规律等.结果表明,此次降水的pH值范围为3.65～7.20,平均值为4.24;SO42-是主要的阴离子,浓度加权平均值为119.06μeq.L-1,占阴离子总量的80.63%;NH4+(38.38μeq.L-1)和Ca2+(48.87μeq.L-1)是主要的阳离子,分别占阳离子总量的37.82%和48.16%.Mg2+、Ca2+、NH4+与SO42-的相关系数分别为0.96、0.91、0.91,说明贵阳地区降水中可能存在以MgSO4、CaSO4、(NH4)2SO4为主的化学物质.大气中不同离子在降水过程被去除的方式和速率有较大的差别,在降水初始阶段,主要富存在粗颗粒中的Mg2+等离子,因粗颗粒迅速被冲刷而较快从大气中去除;而主要富存在细颗粒中的NH4+、SO42-等离子,因细颗粒冲刷速率较慢,而能够在大气中保存较长的时间.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.