山地城市灾害系统模糊风险评价

灾害风险是当前灾害研究的热点和核心之一。从灾害系统整体角度,厘定区域灾害系统风险,明晰灾害系统风险要素构成及其作用机制,对于科学指导区域综合防灾减灾具有重要意义。在山地城市灾害系统研究的基础上,基于"R=H×E×S/C"的灾害系统模糊风险概念模型,构建了反映山地城市灾害系统"致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性、灾损敏感性和防灾减灾能力"四个方面的"山地城市灾害系统模糊风险评价指标体系";提出了对山地城市灾害系统模糊风险进行定量评价与排序的"综合赋权(AHP-EVM)"二级模糊综合评判模型。在上述研究基础上,以重庆市38个区县作为研究对象,对理论模型进行了实证研究,并从整体上初步阐明和解释了山地城市(重庆市)38个区县的灾害系统模糊风险等级及成因。研究得出以下结论:(1)基于"综合赋权"模糊综合评判的"山地城市灾害系统模糊风险"评价结果科学、可靠,能够从整体反映山地城市灾害系统模糊风险水平及其构成。经过与灾情数据对比、专家评判,本研究所得评价结果通过验证,且与"模糊物元评价"所得结果基本一致。(2)重庆市灾害系统模糊风险整体水平居中。其中,渝中区、江北区,渝东北的城口县、奉节县以及渝东南的酉阳县,灾害系统风险等级高,各类灾害发生及造成损失的可能性较大,是未来防灾减灾工作的重点。     

长沙城市景观破碎化空间异质性研究

景观破碎化表现为景观由单一、均质、连续趋于复杂、异化离散状态.空间异质性是空间景观格局产生的原因.不同尺度下景观破碎化空间异质性表现为不同的特征.遵循"尺度——格局——过程"的思路,以长沙市2005年、2010年遥感影像为数据源,针对都市区空间异质性对不同粒度和幅度水平的响应得到合适的分析尺度,进而对长沙市景观破碎化的空间格局和空间异质性展开研究,最后剖析了景观破碎化与城市生态系统的耦合过程.研究表明:(1)长沙都市区研究中,60 m粒度是一个本征观测尺度,1200 m幅度是理想特征尺度;(2)都市区景观破碎化空间格局复杂;(3)景观破碎化空间异质性受人为因素干扰影响大,随经济社会发展呈正相关关系.     

万州区滑坡灾害风险管理对策

滑坡灾害风险管理是实现滑坡灾害防灾减灾的有效途径。以三峡库区万州区为例,从分析万州区滑坡灾害风险管理的现状入手,总结了万州区滑坡灾害风险管理采取的主要手段和存在的问题,并有针对性地从区域和单体(单个灾害点)两个尺度,提出了万州区滑坡灾害风险管理的对策与建议,主要包括:在区域上,加强全区滑坡灾害点调查和监测工作、完善滑坡灾害应急预案、加强专业技术人员培训、优化各职能部门的组织结构及协助模式、建设风险动态管理系统、加大滑坡灾害风险控制投入、优化城市建设规划方案以及加强公众的教育和公共信息服务平台建议等;在单体上,加强监测系统建设、提高相关职能部门及民众对滑坡及其次生涌浪灾害的应急响应能力。     

中国海岸带灾害地质查询及风险评价系统的设计与实现

介绍了"中国海岸带灾害地质查询及风险评价系统"开发研制的GIS平台,VB为二次开发工具,利用OLE技术集成开发.系统实现了对中国海岸带灾害地质的可视化查询、空间分析和综合评价,并为实施海岸带灾害地质综合管理和决策提供了科学依据.     

漫话减灾保险学

风险是人类生存过程中不可避免的现象。无论从空间，还是时间上看，灾害和事故始终是存在的。保险就是对风险进行管理的一种有效方法，风险是保险赖以产生、发展的前提。减灾保险是灾害学与保险学的交叉学科，衡量风险的目的是为了选择适当的对付风险的办法。1灾害损失及保险尺度减灾与保险交叉有其历史渊源，从本世纪70年代以来，全球经济金融专家一直关注减灾业的发展。据美国保险协会统计，50年代自然灾害（进入统计的有洪水、风暴、地震、火山等）损失为494．5亿美元（1955年美元值），只占主要灾害21国GNP（国民总产值）总和的3．21…     

基于GIS的福建闽江上游山洪灾害风险区划

风险区划是山洪灾害防治工作中的重要环节,在理解山洪灾害地域分异规律的基础上进行区划,可为科学地分析山洪灾害致灾因子,为恰当地采取防治措施提供依据。以多年降水均值、土壤类型、坡度、高程、最长汇流路径长度、最长汇流路径比降、糙率、稳定下渗率、人口密度、地均GDP、土地利用状况和植被覆盖度12项因子,通过层次分析法与德尔菲法结合确定权重,进行空间叠加分析,完成闽江上游山洪灾害危险评价图、易损性图和山洪灾害风险区划图。并与1985—2013年近30年的灾害数据进行集成分析,比较山洪灾害风险区划与灾害发生情况,以期为不同风险地带的土地利用规划提供决策,为山洪易灾区居民提供风险信息。     

生态系统服务与人类福祉耦合的空间格局及其驱动方式——以广州市为例

进入“人类世”新纪元,生态系统退化与人类需求提升间的矛盾日益加剧,可持续发展在此问题上的时代要义,就是要实现生态系统服务与人类福祉的科学协调。提出“从级联到耦合”的生态系统服务与人类福祉关系研究新思路,以广州市为研究对象,分析二者耦合关系的发展阶段及其空间分异,构建了耦合逻辑框架,通过典型耦合类型区来辨析其驱动方式差异,为新时代快速城镇化地区的人地协调提供实践参考。结果发现:(1)广州市生态系统服务价值严重萎缩,受到人类福祉趋同化增进的胁迫,二者的耦合协调性差;(2)耦合关系以生态系统服务为刚性主导,服务低值区的连片蔓延促成了低失调的同化格局,服务供给与福祉需求之间呈现出显著的空间失衡;(3)通过资本流动、土地利用、尺度效应、利益分配等驱动方式差异,生态系统服务与人类福祉形成了发展阶段和供需匹配各异的耦合关系,主要包含空间争夺的低失调、空间弱关联的拮抗和空间互促的高协调。据此,亟需以生态文明与高质量发展为导向,严格保护生态空间,提升城镇空间的发展质量,统筹人地系统综合管理,弱化用地权衡和空间博弈,加强供需耦合的空间协同,促进人与自然和谐共生。     

我国旅游景区火灾事故的关联影响因素研究——基于最优尺度分析

影响景区火灾事故的风险因素众多,而时间、空间以及景区特征因素是地理、气候、人流、容量等火灾风险因素的集中体现。根据2004—2014年间我国景区发生的202起火灾事故案例,利用聚类分析和最优尺度分析我国景区火灾事故的发生特征及其与时空、景区特征等因素的关联关系。利用最优尺度分析发现,时间、空间和景区特征因素均与景区火灾事故相关变量呈现锐角关系,存在非线性典型相关关系。时间维度、空间尺度以及景区特征不同,其与景区火灾事故相关变量的关联关系表现出明显的差异性。     

景观生态学在国土空间治理中的应用

鉴于当前国土空间治理面临复杂的人类活动与自然环境相互作用而产生的生态风险与空间利用问题,基于景观生态学学科特质与生态文明建设要求,对当前国土空间治理工作进行梳理,归纳了明确的生态系统服务定位、高效的建成空间结构、适宜且多样的产业发展支撑、多等级的生态系统服务与安全保障等国土空间治理需求。同时,整合区域时空信息的理论基础与分析手段,提出景观生态学在国土空间治理中应落脚于：（1）识别并统一不同空间尺度的治理单元;（2）辨析并评估景观功能的空间分异;（3）构建基于生态风险防范的区域景观格局; （4）识别集约高效的城乡协调发展格局;（5）提出尺度联系的绿色发展架构;（6）明晰多级多样的生态保障方案。     

GIS技术在国内环境风险评价中的应用研究

环境风险评价是随着中国一系列环境污染事故频发和相应技术导则的出台而慢慢发展起来的一个新兴领域,学者结合GIS技术围绕环境风险评价也展开了多领域研究.论文综述了地理信息系统(GIS)技术在广义上的灾害风险、生态风险和狭义上的环境风险评价中的研究进展和应用现状.GIS技术支持下的灾害类和生态环境风险评价应用较多,但是与狭义上的环境风险评价结合较少,主要是应用GIS的空间分析功能进行综合分析.以后利用GIS强大的空间分析和数据处理的优势,与环境风险评价模型的关联和集成是研究的重点方向.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.