柳江流域饮用水源地重金属污染与健康风险评价

为说明柳江流域饮用水源地的重金属元素含量特征及饮用水水质对人体健康的潜在危害,于2016年1~12月对柳江干流及主要支流的水体进行常规水质指标和Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn等金属元素进行分析检测,并采用美国EPA推荐使用的健康风险评价模型对饮用水源地的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,Cd、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn含量未超过我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的限值,Hg含量存在超标.对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,其中Cd、Pb、As与Fe可能具有相似的来源,Cu、Cr、Hg、Zn之间污染具有多源性,9种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性.柳江流域饮用水源地致癌重金属元素健康风险成人和儿童分别为4.52E-04 a^-1和5.91E-04 a^-1,非致癌健康风险成人和儿童分别为8.96E-09 a^-1和1.14E-08 a^-1.致癌重金属Cr、As、Cd通过饮水途径所造成的人均年健康风险分别表现为Cr > As > Cd,风险值范围为3.58E-06~1.21E-04 a^-1,Cr和As的风险值大于ICRP所推荐的风险水平5.0×10^-5 a^-1.该研究区内重金属元素非致癌健康风险值范围为3.53E-12~2.87E-09 a^-1,均在EPA推荐的可接受水平内,初步认为不会对人体健康产生明显危害.流域主要健康风险来源于致癌物.Cr和As是柳江流域水环境产生健康风险的主要污染物,应当优先列为柳江流域水环境风险管理的主要对象.     

长江流域(安徽段)土壤-作物系统重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究长江流域安徽段土壤-作物系统重金属的污染特征及健康风险,采集了水稻和小麦及其根系土样品338组,测定了8种重金属含量,采用污染指数法、潜在生态危害、多元统计分析和健康风险进行评价.结果表明,水稻根系土和小麦根系土重金属含量均超过江淮流域背景,根系土Cd、 Cu、 Cr和Ni具有明显的积累效应,水稻根系土较小麦土污染严重;潜在生态风险为轻微-中等风险等级,主要来源于Cd和Hg元素.多元统计分析显示Cu、 Pb、 Zn和Cd为工业源和农业源,Cr、 Ni为自然源,As和Hg为农业源.水稻对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Hg>Ni>As>Cr=Pb,小麦对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Zn>Cd>Cu>Hg>Ni>As=Pb>Cr;根系土重金属健康风险评估结果显示儿童更易受到重金属污染威胁,经口摄入是发生非致癌风险的主要暴露途径.非致癌风险评价表明小麦根系土对儿童具有一定的非致癌风险,但不存在致癌风险.摄入水稻和小麦对成人和儿童均有一定程度的非致癌风险和不可接受的致癌风险.     

东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染健康风险评价

为阐明东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染物的分布特征与风险水平,对研究区域内9个区县45个水样中的常规水质指标和铁、铜、锰、锌、砷、铬、汞、铅、镉等金属污染物浓度进行了分析检测,并应用美国环境保护署推荐的环境健康风险评价模型,对不同类型的水源地进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,该研究区域的金属致癌风险较高,其中最高的致癌风险来自水库中的铬,成人和儿童分别达到1.14×10-4.a-1和2.14×10-4.a-1,江河、水库和地下水的金属总致癌风险超过了ICRP推荐的可接受风险水平5.0×10-5.a-1;该区域金属非致癌风险较低,均在EPA推荐的可接受范围内.该研究区域金属污染物的优先控制顺序为铬>砷>铅>铁>锌,饮用水源地的风险值排序为水库>江河>地下水>山泉.     

武陵山区域典型生态保护城市饮用水源地水质人体健康风险评价

选择武陵山区域黔江区的2个城市集中式饮用水源地为研究对象,通过2010-2014年每月进行水质监测,获取120组有效数据,运用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型对13项水质指标（如Cd、As、Hg等）进行健康风险评估.结果表明:2010-2014年,黔江区小南海、洞塘水库监测指标均满足GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》 Ⅲ标准,水质状况良好.2个饮用水源地的成人总致癌风险均在0.87×10-7~1.19×10-7 a-1之间,儿童总致癌风险均在2.86×10-7~3.91×10-7 a-1之间,成人和儿童的水质总健康风险均值低于US EPA和ICRP（1×10-4和5×10-5 a-1）的最大可接受风险水平2个数量级以上.健康风险排序为致癌物>非致癌物.计算健康风险指标贡献率表明,通过饮水暴露途径引起健康风险应优先控制Cr6+.黔江区2个城市饮用水源地对儿童产生的人体健康总风险值大于成人,因此儿童更易受到化学物质引起的健康危害.不确定分析结果表明,该研究健康风险评价结果具有可信性,但污染物浓度、人体单位体质量、日均饮水量以及暴露时间的变动将会影响健康风险水平的高低.      

陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中金属元素分布特征及健康风险评价

在2016年对陆浑水库饮用水源地46个水样中12种金属元素(包括重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn和轻金属Al)进行测定,探讨了水体中金属元素的分布特征,并借助健康风险评价模型评价了水体中金属人体健康风险.结果表明,陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中Al最大浓度(200.27μg·L~(-1))和Mo所有浓度(151.42~170.69μg·L~(-1))均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)规定的标准限值,超标率依次为4.35%和100%.陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中金属浓度分布具有较明显的空间差异性,高值区域集中在库区西南部(上游)、东北部(下游).健康风险评价结果表明,儿童暴露剂量明显高于成人暴露剂量,金属元素经饮用水途径引起的健康风险均高于皮肤接触途径.金属致癌风险中,Cr和As致癌风险超过最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1)),超标率分别为100%和3.80%,Cr对总致癌风险的贡献率平均达到85%;非致癌性金属元素健康风险(10~(-12)~10~(-7)a~(-1))呈现出AlMoCuPbNiHgFeZnMn,比最大可接受风险水平低2~7个数量级.     

贵州荔波喀斯特洞穴水重金属含量及健康风险评价

为了解荔波洞穴水的重金属含量及健康风险水平,文章对13个洞穴水中的8种重金属浓度进行检测分析,并运用健康风险评价模型,估算饮水暴露途径下重金属污染物的健康危害风险水平。结果表明,重金属的平均浓度大小为:Zn>Cr>Cu>As>Ni>Cd>Pb>Hg,均未超过《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类水标准。荔波洞穴水重金属含量总体低于(或少部分接近)洞穴外地表水和地下水。Spearman相关性分析表明,Zn与Pb、Cu之间均呈极显著正相关,Cd和Hg之间呈极显著正相关,As和Cr、Hg之间均呈极显著负相关。健康风险评价表明,洞穴水重金属所致的成人和儿童的健康总风险平均值大小顺序为Cr>As>Cd>Cu>Hg>Ni>Pb>Zn。Cr和As(85%的洞穴)所致的成人和儿童的个人平均年健康风险均超过了瑞典环境保护局、荷兰建设环保局、英国皇家协会的最大可接受风险,说明如果长期饮用洞穴水会产生一定的致癌风险。Cr和As对成人和儿童总健康风险的平均贡献率均为99.60%,故Cr和As应作为荔波洞穴水优先控制管理的污染物。儿童的健康总风险(5.46×10~(-6)～3.97×10~(-5)a~(-1))高于成人(4.80×10~(-6)～3.51×10~(-5)a~(-1)),需加强对儿童饮用水安全的控制和管理。     

兰州市西固区儿童饮用水重金属暴露及健康风险精细化评估

饮用水是人体暴露重金属的重要途径之一,准确评估人体经饮用水暴露重金属的健康风险对其采取有针对性地健康风险防范措施具有重要意义.为探索并准确识别兰州市西固区人群经饮用水途径对重金属暴露的健康风险,本研究于2015年7～9月(非采暖期)和2015年12月～2016年1月(采暖期)开展现场入户调查,采集当地0～5岁和6～17岁儿童的饮水和用水样品,并开展人群饮用水行为模式问卷调查.通过饮水和用水中Cd、Cr、Pb和As的浓度分析,结合儿童饮用水暴露行为模式特征,采用美国环保署推荐的暴露和健康风险评价模型开展儿童饮水和用水重金属暴露的健康风险研究.结果表明,两种水体中Cd、Cr、Pb和As的浓度均未超过国家生活饮用水卫生标准限值,用水重金属的浓度受季节性影响较大,而饮水较小.饮水和用水中4种重金属的非致癌和致癌风险水平范围分别为2. 82E-08～2. 43E-02和7. 55E-09～3. 62E-05,均处于可接受风险水平;但饮水中重金属的致癌和非致癌健康风险均高于用水.同一时期0～5岁儿童用水重金属暴露的致癌和非致癌风险均低于6～17岁;而0～5岁儿童饮水中重金属暴露的致癌风险低于6～17岁,非致癌风险却高于6～17岁.研究表明该地区饮水/用水重金属暴露不会对人体健康产生明显危害,精细化的暴露评估方法可减少健康风险评估的不确定性.     

苏州市集中式饮用水源地健康风险评价

通过收集2015-2019年苏州市集中式饮用水源地水质的例行监测数据,采用USEPA（美国环保署）推荐的健康风险评价模型,对12个在用水源地水质进行了较为全面的健康风险评价,并利用GIS软件对评价结果进行了空间可视化展示。结果表明:2015-2019年苏州市集中式饮用水源地致癌风险均值为4.07×10-5/a,非致癌风险均值为3.61×10-9/a,总风险均值为4.07×10-5/a。健康总风险按水源地排序为长江新海坝水源地（5.33×10-5）>长江常熟水源地（4.68×10-5）>阳澄湖水源地（4.49×10-5）>太湖镇湖水源地（4.30×10-5）>太湖贡湖金墅湾水源地（4.14×10-5）>长江浏河口水源地（3.96×10-5）>太湖寺前水源地（3.95×10-5）>傀儡湖水源地（3.79×10-5）>尚湖水源地（3.77×10-5）>太湖渔洋山水源地（3.69×10-5）>太湖庙港水源地（3.46×10-5）>太湖北亭子港水源地（3.39×10-5）;按地区排序则为张家港市>工业园区>常熟市>相城区>高新区>太仓市>吴中区>姑苏区>昆山市>吴江区;致癌风险高于非致癌风险,且致癌风险需重点关注Cr（Ⅵ）和As,非致癌风险主要关注氟化物;总体上看,苏州市水源地的健康总风险处于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险之内,属于比较安全的水源。     

常州饮用水源地挥发性有机物预警监控和健康风险评价研究

通过对2013年至2014年常州市魏村水厂和西石桥水厂饮用水源地水质自动监测站挥发性有机物在线分析仪的数据进行研究,并采用USEPA的暴露计算方法对常州市饮用水中挥发性有机物污染状况和健康风险进行了调查评价。结果表明,两个水源地所监测的挥发性有机物含量均符合生活饮用水标准,且整体年均非致癌和致癌风险均远低于USEPA推荐的限值,对人体危害微乎其微。而在最不利的情况下,两个饮用水源地水体非致癌和致癌风险均处在安全范围内。     

基于随机模拟与三角模糊数耦合模型的地下水环境健康风险评价研究

水环境健康风险评价在参数确定、暴露评估与风险表征过程中存在着不确定性因素,利用随机模拟与三角模糊数耦合模型（SS-TFN模型）进行水环境健康风险评价,降低了评价过程中人为因素的影响,有效提高评价结果的可靠性和科学性.本文将SS-TFN模型应用于盘锦市六个饮用水源地致癌物质经饮水途径的地下水环境健康风险评价中,结果表明：盘锦市六个饮用水源地的总致癌风险均超过致癌年风险率控制限值（1.0＆#215;10-5）;致癌物质造成的平均个人致癌年风险率由高到低排序：Cr6＋＞ As＞ Cd.盘锦市六个饮用水源地SS-TFN计算结果收敛时总的平均个人致癌年风险由高到低排列：大洼水源＞兴南水源＞兴一水源＞盘东水源＞高升水源＞石山水源.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.