重庆市北碚区乡镇集中式饮用水源地中重金属健康风险评价

2017年4月(丰水期)和2017年10月(枯水期)对重庆市北碚区5个乡镇集中式饮用水源地中重金属(As,Cr~(6+),Cd,Mn,Fe,Pb,Se,Hg,Cu,Zn)进行监测,运用美国国家环保局(USEPA)推荐的水质健康风险评价模型,对饮用水源地中重金属指标通过饮用水途径所引起的健康风险进行初步评价。结果表明:5个监测点躯体毒物质(Mn,Fe,Pb,Se,Hg,Cu,Zn)健康危害的个人年风险度在(10~(-9)-10~(-11))a~(-1)数量级之间。1、2、3监测点基因毒物质(As,Cr~(6+),Cd)的健康危害的个人年风险度在(10~(-6)-10~(-5))a~(-1)数量级之间,基因毒物质健康风险水平远超过了躯体毒物质,但均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的有毒有害物质健康危害风险最大可接受值(5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1));基因毒物中As占总风险度99.99%表明是产生健康风险的主要污染物,因此应优先考虑防治As对乡镇集中式饮用水源地的污染。     

贵州荔波喀斯特洞穴水重金属含量及健康风险评价

为了解荔波洞穴水的重金属含量及健康风险水平,文章对13个洞穴水中的8种重金属浓度进行检测分析,并运用健康风险评价模型,估算饮水暴露途径下重金属污染物的健康危害风险水平。结果表明,重金属的平均浓度大小为:Zn>Cr>Cu>As>Ni>Cd>Pb>Hg,均未超过《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类水标准。荔波洞穴水重金属含量总体低于(或少部分接近)洞穴外地表水和地下水。Spearman相关性分析表明,Zn与Pb、Cu之间均呈极显著正相关,Cd和Hg之间呈极显著正相关,As和Cr、Hg之间均呈极显著负相关。健康风险评价表明,洞穴水重金属所致的成人和儿童的健康总风险平均值大小顺序为Cr>As>Cd>Cu>Hg>Ni>Pb>Zn。Cr和As(85%的洞穴)所致的成人和儿童的个人平均年健康风险均超过了瑞典环境保护局、荷兰建设环保局、英国皇家协会的最大可接受风险,说明如果长期饮用洞穴水会产生一定的致癌风险。Cr和As对成人和儿童总健康风险的平均贡献率均为99.60%,故Cr和As应作为荔波洞穴水优先控制管理的污染物。儿童的健康总风险(5.46×10~(-6)～3.97×10~(-5)a~(-1))高于成人(4.80×10~(-6)～3.51×10~(-5)a~(-1)),需加强对儿童饮用水安全的控制和管理。     

广州水厂感潮水源地水体中重金属季节性分布特征与健康风险评价

珠江流域河道多属于感潮河流,随着大量污染物的排入,大部分的河流水体(特别是饮用水源)已遭受重金属污染。于2017年1—11月采集广州水厂位于珠江流域广州市段3个取水点(属感潮河流型饮用水源地,简称感潮水源地)的表层水样,通过对水样中重金属Cd、As、Cr(Ⅵ)、Pb、Hg、Zn和Cu浓度(即质量浓度)监测,利用内梅罗指数法和美国EPA健康风险评价模型,对广州水厂感潮水源地表层水体中7种重金属浓度的季节性分布特征和健康危害风险进行评估,并探讨感潮取样点、涨退潮作用和季节变化对感潮水源地水体中重金属浓度及其健康风险的影响。结果表明:广州该区域水厂感潮水源地水体中重金属Cd、As、Cr(Ⅵ)、Pb、Zn和Cu的平均质量浓度均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中规定的Ⅰ类水水质指标限值要求,Hg为Ⅲ类水;内梅罗指数评价结果显示3个感潮水源地水体水质均属于清洁等级;季节变化对感潮水源地水体中重金属浓度的影响尤其显著,涨退潮作用对感潮水源地水体中重金属浓度的影响较弱;感潮水源地水体中重金属非致癌物质Cu、Zn、Hg和Pb对人体健康危害的年平均风险值分别为1.75×10~(-7)/a、3.27×10~(-9)/a、1.10×10~(-8)/a和5.37×10~(-8)/a,重金属致癌物质As和Cd对体健康危害的年平均风险值分别为2.62×10~(-5)/a和9.50×10~(-8)/a。广州该区域水厂感潮水源地水体中As对人体健康危害的年平均风险值最高,水源地水体Hg和As的重金属污染问题应引起关注。     

重庆市北碚区乡镇集中式饮用水水源地水质综合分析与评价

运用综合水质指数(WQI)模型和水质健康风险评价模型对重庆5个乡镇集中式饮用水水源地进行评价。结果表明:重庆5个乡镇饮用水水源地综合水质指数WQI都在10～30范围内,以良好为主。其中D监测点最好,全年的综合污染指数WQI20,说明全年水质优良,基本上没有污染;躯体毒物质总健康危害风险介于(6.00×10~(-12)～3.941×10~(-9))a~(-1),与ICRP推荐的有毒有害物质健康危害风险最大可接受值(5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1))相比,差4个数量级。这表明非致癌化学物质引起的健康风险甚微,不会对当地居民构成明显危害。化学致癌物砷的健康危害风险度虽未超过ICRP推荐的可接受水平,但仍与ICRP推荐值位于同一数量级。与瑞典EPA、荷兰EPA推荐的最大可接受水平1.0×10~(-6)a~(-1)相比,最高健康危害风险度是它的127倍。A、B、C监测点基因毒物中As占总风险度99.99%,表明是产生健康风险的主要污染物,因此应优先考虑防治As对重庆乡镇集中式饮用水源地的污染。     

柳江流域饮用水源地重金属污染与健康风险评价

为说明柳江流域饮用水源地的重金属元素含量特征及饮用水水质对人体健康的潜在危害,于2016年1~12月对柳江干流及主要支流的水体进行常规水质指标和Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn等金属元素进行分析检测,并采用美国EPA推荐使用的健康风险评价模型对饮用水源地的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,Cd、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn含量未超过我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的限值,Hg含量存在超标.对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,其中Cd、Pb、As与Fe可能具有相似的来源,Cu、Cr、Hg、Zn之间污染具有多源性,9种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性.柳江流域饮用水源地致癌重金属元素健康风险成人和儿童分别为4.52E-04 a^-1和5.91E-04 a^-1,非致癌健康风险成人和儿童分别为8.96E-09 a^-1和1.14E-08 a^-1.致癌重金属Cr、As、Cd通过饮水途径所造成的人均年健康风险分别表现为Cr > As > Cd,风险值范围为3.58E-06~1.21E-04 a^-1,Cr和As的风险值大于ICRP所推荐的风险水平5.0×10^-5 a^-1.该研究区内重金属元素非致癌健康风险值范围为3.53E-12~2.87E-09 a^-1,均在EPA推荐的可接受水平内,初步认为不会对人体健康产生明显危害.流域主要健康风险来源于致癌物.Cr和As是柳江流域水环境产生健康风险的主要污染物,应当优先列为柳江流域水环境风险管理的主要对象.     

上海市主要饮用水源地水重金属健康风险初步评价

对上海市主要饮用水源地(黄浦江上游地区和陈行水库)水中重金属含量进行了调查研究,并应用水环境健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险的初步评价.结果表明,黄浦江上游和陈行水库由致癌物质Cr,As,Cd通过饮水途径引起的个人年健康风险平均值分别表现为Cr>As>Cd和As>Cr>Cd,风险值为10-7~10-5 a-1,Cr和As的风险值高于部分机构推荐的最大可接受风险水平(1×10-6 a-1),而低于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)和美国环境保护署(US EPA)的推荐值(5×10-5和1×10-4 a-1),成为上海市饮用水源地主要的致癌因子;黄浦江上游和陈行水库由非致癌物质Pb,Cu,Zn,Hg导致的个人年健康风险平均值分别表现为Pb>Cu>Zn>Hg和Hg>Cu>Pb>Zn,风险值为10-12~10-10 a-1.各采样点重金属类致癌物质的风险值明显高于非致癌物质.      

陆水水库水环境中重金属含量及风险评价

文章以典型饮用水源地陆水水库为对象，采集表层水样与沉积物品，采用原子吸收分光光度法测定7种重金属(Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Fe、Cu和Pb)的含量，并评估水体重金属的健康风险和沉积物重金属的生态风险。结果显示，水体中重金属Zn、Cd和Hg均未检出，As、Fe、Cu和Pb的平均质量浓度大小排序为As(8.358μg/L)>Fe(6.219μg/L)>Cu(0.959μg/L)>Pb(0.433μg/L)，含量均低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)。健康风险评价结果显示，对儿童的致癌风险均高于成人，As是该水体的主要致癌风险重金属；As的个人年均风险大于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10^-5a^-1)；非致癌性金属元素健康风险呈现出Pb>Cu>Fe，风险水平在10^-11～10^-10a^-1之间，低于国际推荐值的可忽略水平。沉积物中7种重金属含量均高于湖北省重金属土壤...     

崇左响水地区地下水水质分析及健康风险评价

以崇左响水地区为研究区域,对区域内60个地下水样品中的常规指标和金属元素进行测定和分析,运用内梅罗综合指数法分析了不同类型地下水环境质量,应用健康风险评价模型评价了不同类型地下水的健康风险.结果表明,井水、泉水和地下河水的常规指标和金属元素均出现不同程度的超标现象,水质级别均为较差级别,地下河水的综合评价分值(F=4. 26)最低,井水和泉水的综合评价分值(F=7. 10)相同.高硬度和高矿化度利于Cr的富集,还原环境利于As的富集,Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu经过的环境地球化学作用相似,Fe、Al和Mn来源相似.健康风险评价表明,3种类型地下水的健康总风险偏高,大小顺序为井水地下河水泉水,主要来源于致癌性金属元素Cr.致癌总风险比非致癌总风险高4～6个数量级,致癌总风险均高于最大可接受风险水平(5. 0×10~(-5)a~(-1)),非致癌总风险均小于可接受的健康风险水平(10~(-6)a~(-1)).儿童健康总风险大于成人,经饮水途径引起的健康风险比皮肤接触途径高2～3个数量级.从饮水安全考虑,在饮用前需对井水、地下河水和泉水进行适当处理并实施对Cr污染物的控制.     

我国重点城市饮用水中砷健康累积风险评价

基于全国重点城市饮用水水质调查数据,完善现有砷的疾病负担计算方法,以伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life years,DALYs)为评价终点,对全国重点城市饮用水中砷污染水平进行健康风险评价.结果表明,我国重点城市供水的饮水砷浓度很低(0.53μg·L~(-1)),远低于国家规定的上限值(10μg·L~(-1)).其导致的总的终身癌症发病率为1.76×10~(-5).不同癌症的风险排序为:皮肤癌(1.53×10~(-5))肺癌(2.25×10~(-6))肝癌(2.30×10~(-8))膀胱癌(1.34×10~(-10));饮水砷导致的人均癌症疾病负担为1.91×10~(-6)人·a~(-1).其中,皮肤癌和肺癌分别占70.2%和29.0%,膀胱癌和肝癌的疾病负担可忽略不计,但其总体致癌风险仍高于WHO所推荐的10~(-6)人·a~(-1)的水平.虽然我国饮水砷水平不高,但致癌风险不容忽略,未来需要采取更加有效可行的措施削减砷浓度,保障人们的饮水安全.     

重庆市长寿湖水库表层水体重金属时空分布及风险评价

为了解重庆市长寿湖水体污染状况和环境风险,采集并分析了不同季节的表层水体重金属（Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb）浓度,探究长寿湖重金属时空变化和分布特征,进一步评估其污染水平和健康风险.结果表明,6种重金属均低于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）Ⅰ类标准,但近年来呈现增加趋势,Cu、As和Pb增加趋势显著（P<0.05）.不同重金属时空分布存在差异,在时间上,水体Cr和Cd在夏季较高,As和Zn在春季较高,Pb和Cu分别在秋季和冬季较高;在空间上,Cr、As、Cu、Zn和Pb总体在水库南部出水口、西北部龙溪河入水口及水库中部较高,Cd在水库北部的滞水区较高.长寿湖水体重金属整体为低污染水平,水体Cr和Cu存在轻度污染,其他重金属为清洁水平.饮水是水体重金属致癌及非致癌风险的主要暴露途径,水体Cr和As的健康风险值较高,分别为6.2×10^-10 ~3.0×10^-4和5.1×10^-8 ~3.9×10^-5,其对儿童和成人的总健康风险贡献率分别达到87.18%和87.20%（Cr）及12.73%和12.71%（As）,对儿童和成人均存在一定的致癌风险.因此,需要重点关注长寿湖水体Cr和Cu的环境风险,以及Cr和As的健康风险,以期为长寿湖水体污染防治及环境质量的改善提供科学依据,合理开发利用水资源.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.