沸腾炉底灰的特性研究

用化学分析、Ｘ射线能谱、扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微、激光粒度分析仪等仪器地沸腾炉燃烧所产生的底灰的化学成分、颗粒形貌、粒度、物理性质和工艺性质等系统的分析，并一全国电厂煤粉炉产煤灰的特性进行了对比，结果表明，沸腾炉产底灰具有形态不规则、矿物相中无莫来石矿物、未燃烬炭量低、细底低、比表面积小、火山炭活性高等特点，为沸腾炉底灰的加工利用提供了重要的科学依据。     

粉煤灰的综合利用

粉煤灰是燃煤火力发电厂排放的废渣,为大小不等,形状不规则的粒状体。颗粒内有蜂窝状结构,颗粒直径在50微米～150微米的约占50％以上,>0.01mm的物理性砂粒占87.5％。粉煤灰平均比重为1∶9/cm~3～2.6g/cm~3,自然沉降后毛管孔降率为68.3％,稳定渗漏量约为1.70mm/n,按土壤质地分类标准属砂土质。粉煤灰的颗粒组成决定其可用作土壤改良剂,改善粘质土壤的物理性状。同时,以细砂-粉砂为主组成的粉煤灰极易产生风蚀,是大气粉尘污染源之一。 粉煤灰的矿物组成中70％～90％是无定形的铁铝硅酸盐,其余矿物以石英、多铅红柱石赤铁矿、磁铁矿以及部分未燃烧的碳(1％—     

关于燃煤电厂粉煤灰流动性问题分析

针对某燃煤电厂粉煤灰流动性差的问题,本文对粉煤灰样本进行显微表观观察和粒径分析,发现该厂粉煤灰中颗粒外形多呈现不规则状,球形颗粒较少,且粒径达到96.0μm。根据粉煤灰形成机理,结合粉煤灰微观形貌特征,初步分析炉炉膛内粉煤灰熔融不充分是造成该厂粉煤灰流动性差的原因,建议通过控制制粉系统调节,提高入炉煤粉细度,配合锅炉配风优化,改善炉膛内燃烧环境,促进粉煤灰中有机质、矿物等的充分玻璃体化。     

湿法脱硫石膏颗粒特性与杂质赋存状况分析

以电厂湿法脱硫石膏为原料,利用XRD、SEM、EDS和XRF等分析技术,对其颗粒形貌与化学组成、杂质赋存状况、粒径分布等基本颗粒特性进行了研究,重点研究了脱硫石膏中不同形貌颗粒的化学组成与杂质的赋存状况。研究结果表明:脱硫石膏颗粒主要由圆饼状、板状、球状和不规则颗粒状组成;其中,板状颗粒主要由CaSO4·2H2O组成,圆饼状颗粒则由CaCO3和CaSO4·2H2O组成,且CaCO3分布于颗粒芯部,球状和不规则颗粒主要由铝硅质、钙硅质矿物组成。对于不同的杂质,其引入方式也不相同。与精细化工与先进材料制备所要求的颗粒粒径与分布相比,湿法脱硫石膏粒径较粗,且分布较宽。     

云天化粉煤灰理化性能的测试及研究

利用现代分析测试技术 ,对云天化集团有限责任公司自备电厂所排粉煤灰的理化性能进行了系统的测试。这些粉煤灰的化学成分以Fe2 O3含量高为特征 ,残留碳含量较低 ;物相较简单 ,未发现高温相的莫来石 ,玻璃微珠也较少见 ;颗粒呈不规则碎屑状 ,平均粒径较细 ,需水量比值较高 ;其所含的微量元素和放射性元素种类较多 ,但与国家的相关标准相比较 ,均未超标     

燃煤电厂脱硫粉煤灰理化特性及排放特征

以徐州某电厂脱硫粉煤灰为研究对象,分别研究了脱硫粉煤灰的粒径分布、微观形态、矿物组成和元素含量4方面的物理化学特性,并在此基础上研究了该电厂脱硫粉煤灰颗粒及其中所含元素的排放特征.结果显示,该电厂粉煤灰颗粒物以拉径在3～45 μm的颗粒为主,数量占80％以上,并以表面光滑的球形颗粒居多,并含有少量表面附着小颗粒晶体的球形颗粒和表面有孔的球形颗粒,以及一些不规则颗粒,其主要的矿物组成是莫来石和石英.该电厂粉煤灰颗粒物的排放因子达到了1.95 kgt.粉煤灰的元素组成选取了Mn,Zn,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni,Cd 7种元素,其中Mn在粉煤灰中的含量最高,相对应的Mn元素的排放因子也高,达到了125.04 g/t.由于该厂粉煤灰含有一定量的重金属元素,随意堆放和处理会对人体和环境产生一定的影响,因此必须做好粉煤灰的处理与处置,降低粉煤灰对人体和环境的危害作用.     

重庆电厂粉煤灰的现状、性质及其活性的评价

一、重庆电厂粉煤灰现状重庆电厂是以煤粉为燃料,用蒸汽来推动汽轮发电机发电的火力发电厂。目前燃用的是南桐和中梁山的混合烟煤,并掺用了部分煤矸石。所排粉煤灰是煤粉在中温中压锅炉内燃烧后由文丘里水膜除尘器捕集而得的产物,这部分灰量约占总灰量的85～90％,其余部分粘结成较大颗粒和焦块,从炉底排出,称炉底渣。这二部分灰通称为粉煤灰渣。     

粉煤灰农用的效益及其环境问题

粉煤灰是燃煤火力发电厂排放的废渣。它是一种大小不等,形状不规则的粒状体。颗粒内有蜂窝状结构,颗粒直径在50～150μm 的约占50％以上,>0.01mm 的物理性砂粒含量约占87.5％。粉煤灰比重为2.00～2.08,自然沉积后毛管孔隙率为68.3％,     

用煤矸石沸腾炉渣作水泥混合材

用煤矸石沸腾炉渣作水泥混合材山东省泰安市建材工业局鲁法增煤矸石沸腾炉渣是煤矸石在沸腾炉内，经８５０～１０００℃的温度充分燃烧后排出的残渣。这种炉渣具有较高的活性，而且粒度较为均齐，所以作为生产水泥的混合材料时，具有较好的使用效果。一、煤矸石沸腾炉渣的...     

兖州矿山煤泥电厂粉煤灰特性研究

利用现代测试技术，详细分析了兖州矿业集团所属三个煤泥电厂粉煤灰的一些理化特性，如矿物组成、化学成分、微量元素含量、颗粒类型等，并以此为基础，提出了今后粉煤灰利用的几条建议。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.