耦合颗粒受力解析的CFD模型及其在超滤膜污染机制中的应用

膜污染可以视为颗粒在膜表面的沉降过程。为深入了解在过滤通道内发生的颗粒迁移和沉降过程,建立了一种耦合颗粒受力的计算流体力学（CFD）模型。通过分析颗粒在超滤过程中的受力,将颗粒受力分析的用户自定义函数（UDF）与CFD中的离散相模型（DPM）耦合,对颗粒的迁移轨迹及沉降进行模拟,并利用过滤实验和微粒子图像测速技术（Micro-PIV）对CFD模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明:颗粒沉降概率与跨膜压差呈正相关,与错流速度呈负相关,超滤实验证明了CFD模拟颗粒沉降的准确性。Micro-PIV示踪粒子的运动轨迹记录膜腔内的速度场分布也验证了CFD模拟流场的准确性。CFD模型可视化地并直观地揭示了膜过程流场和颗粒运动情况,为理解膜污染机制提供了科学依据,对优化膜模块具有重要的指导作用。     

水平表面上多机理作用下气溶胶沉积特性数值分析

采用离散随机模型模拟了水平表面上气溶胶粒子沉积的微观过程.基于随机游走方法,求解了微粒在布朗扩散和外场迁移两种输运机制耦合作用下的运动轨迹,分析了沉积物形结构特征与微粒输运机制间的作用关系,并讨论了不同沉积机制和粒径分布下的表面沉积水平.结果表明,低Pe数下沉积物形态呈现疏松的粉尘絮团结构,而在高Pe数下沉积物则表现出较为紧密的堆积结构.不同沉积机制下粒子沉积形态结构的差异取决于微粒运动轨迹的随机强度;水平表面最大沉积微粒数存在一上限值,且与微粒输运机制和粒径分布均有关.     

Numerical study of the effects of Planetary Boundary Layer structure on the pollutant dispersion within built-up areas

The effects of different Planetary Boundary Layer(PBL) structures on pollutant dispersion processes within two idealized street canyon configurations and a realistic urban area were numerically examined by a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) model. The boundary conditions of different PBL structures/conditions were provided by simulations of the Weather Researching and Forecasting model. The simulated results of the idealized 2D and 3D street canyon experiments showed that the increment of PBL instability favored the downward transport of momentum from the upper flow above the roof to the pedestrian level within the street canyon. As a result, the flow and turbulent fields within the street canyon under the more unstable PBL condition are stronger. Therefore, more pollutants within the street canyon would be removed by the stronger advection and turbulent diffusion processes under the unstable PBL condition. On the contrary, more pollutants would be concentrated in the street canyon under the stable PBL condition. In addition, the simulations of the realistic building cluster experiments showed that the density of buildings was a crucial factor determining the dynamic effects of the PBL structure on the flow patterns. The momentum field within a denser building configuration was mostly transported from the upper flow, and was more sensitive to the PBL structures than that of the sparser building configuration. Finally, it was recommended to use the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino(MYNN) PBL scheme, which can explicitly output the needed turbulent variables, to provide the boundary conditions to the CFD simulation.     

Numerical study of the effects of Planetary Boundary Layer structure on the pollutant dispersion within built-up areas

The effects of different Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) structures on pollutant dispersion processes within two idealized street canyon configurations and a realistic urban area were numerically examined by a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The boundary conditions of different PBL structures/conditions were provided by simulations of the Weather Researching and Forecasting model. The simulated results of the idealized 2D and 3D street canyon experiments showed that the increment of PBL instability favored the downward transport of momentum from the upper flow above the roof to the pedestrian level within the street canyon. As a result, the flow and turbulent fields within the street canyon under the more unstable PBL condition are stronger. Therefore, more pollutants within the street canyon would be removed by the stronger advection and turbulent diffusion processes under the unstable PBL condition. On the contrary, more pollutants would be concentrated in the street canyon under the stable PBL condition. In addition, the simulations of the realistic building cluster experiments showed that the density of buildings was a crucial factor determining the dynamic effects of the PBL structure on the flow patterns. The momentum field within a denser building configuration was mostly transported from the upper flow, and was more sensitive to the PBL structures than that of the sparser building configuration. Finally, it was recommended to use the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) PBL scheme, which can explicitly output the needed turbulent variables, to provide the boundary conditions to the CFD simulation.     

大气气溶胶干沉降研究进展

从干沉降速度定义出发,综述了过去几十年来国内外在气溶胶干沉降实验技术和理论方面的主要进展.气溶胶粒子从大气向地表沉降的过程决定于颗粒物的粒径、密度和空气粘性系数,同时受空气动力学阻力、粘滞层阻力和表面收集阻力的影响,这些阻力分别与大气层温度、风速、相对湿度等微气象条件密切相关.获取干沉降速度的方法主要有示踪法、梯度法和涡流相关法等.风速的三维瞬时量、动能、摩擦速度、温度和涡旋扩散系数可由超声风速温度仪测定.由于气溶胶具有很宽的粒径谱分布,通常使用几台仪器（如串联式多级采样器、空气动力学粒径谱分布仪和扫描电迁移率颗粒物粒径谱仪）进行联合测量.干沉降参数化方案中,基于斯托克斯定律的物理模型着重于平衡重力、浮力和阻力的作用,半经验方案则进一步考虑了大气湍流、分子运动以及表面捕获机制包括布朗扩散、碰撞、截留、反弹、热泳和扩散泳.然而,参数化方案预测结果在某些粒径段与外场测量数据仍存在显著差异.结合目前干沉降研究存在的问题,对今后气溶胶干沉降的研究方向和技术方法进行了展望.     

栅条絮凝池内部流场及颗粒运动状态模拟分析

利用数值模拟方法对栅条絮凝池前段内部流场进行模拟分析,以涡旋速度梯度和湍动能作为综合评价指标,对其结构设计的合理性进行了验证。在流场中加入了11组不同粒径和有效密度的絮凝颗粒,每组在流场入口处随机释放98560个粒子,利用DPM模型对粒子运动轨迹进行追踪统计。结果表明:随着絮凝颗粒的增大,其有效密度呈相应下降趋势。絮凝颗粒直径为1~1000 μm,沉积率<10%,且在各竖井内沉积均匀,能够很好地满足絮凝要求。当颗粒粒径为1000~5000 μm时,沉积率呈急剧上升趋势,但在各竖井内沉积较为均匀。当颗粒粒径进一步增大至10000 μm时,大量粒子在第1段竖井内沉积,不利于排泥的均匀性。综合考虑沉积率和排泥均匀性,实际工程中应尽量避免出现1000 μm以上的大粒径絮凝体。     

Agglomeration and removal characteristics of fine particles from coal combustion under different turbulent flow fields

Turbulent agglomeration is a promising pretreatment technology for improving the removal of fine particles in industrial flue gas, which can improve the particle removal effect of dust removal equipment safely and economically. However, due to the complexity of turbulence mechanisms, the relationship between turbulent flow fields and the agglomeration of fine particles is not known with precision, resulting a weak promotion effect for particle removal with this pretreatment technology. In this work, three kinds of turbulent agglomerators were constructed to investigate the agglomeration and removal characteristics of fine particles under different turbulent flow fields. The results demonstrated that the turbulent agglomerator with small-scale and three-dimensional vortexes in the flow field had the best effect in improving the agglomeration and removal of fine particles. Two kinds of agglomeration modes in turbulent agglomeration were proposed, one being agglomeration between fine particles in the vortex area, and the other the capture of fine particles by coarse particles. Furthermore, the motion trajectory, relative velocity and residence time of fine particles of different sizes in different flow fields were calculated by numerical simulation to investigate the interaction mechanism of particle agglomeration and turbulent flow fields. The results showed that a flow field with small-scale and three-dimensional vortexes can reduce the Stokes number (St_K) and the relative velocity of particles of different sizes, and extend their residence time in a turbulent flow field, so as to obtain a better agglomeration effect for fine particles.     

Production and characterization of bioaerosols for model validation in spacecraft environment

This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of two bioaerosol generation systems(dry and wet generation) for the aerosolization of microorganisms isolated from the International Space Station, and to calibrate the produced bioaerosols to fulfill the requirements of computational fluid dynamics model(CFD) validation. Concentration, stability, size distribution, agglomeration of generated bioaerosol and deposition of bioaerosols were analyzed. In addition, the dispersion of non-viable particles in the air was studied.Experiments proved that wet generation from microbial suspensions could be used for the production of well-calibrated and stabile bioaerosols for model validation. For the simulation of the natural release of fungal spores, a dry generation method should be used. This study showed that the used CFD model simulated the spread of non-viable particles fairly well. The mathematical deposition model by Lai and Nazaroff could be used to estimate the deposition velocities of bioaerosols on surfaces, although it somewhat underestimated the measured deposition velocities.     

气溶胶粒子在毛细管中沉积与再悬浮

采用亚微米单分散聚苯乙烯球形硬气溶胶粒子和脉冲进样技术,测定了气溶胶粒子在管道中的沉积率,研究了沉积率与流体速度、管道长度、管道直径和气溶胶粒子大小之间的关系.结果发现,在相同条件下,沉积率随管长增加而增大;随流体速度增加而减小.在相同体积流量下,沉积率与管径关系不大;而沉积率与气溶胶粒子大小之间的关系比较复杂.沉积的气溶胶粒子如果在更大流速冲击下,将发生反弹,部分气溶胶粒子从黏附表面上分离再次悬浮于流体中.     

雨滴表面惯性粒子捕集的湍流效应数值分析

雨滴对气溶胶粒子的清除系数与捕集效率密切相关,并依赖于雨滴附近的气流型式.考虑到实际大气背景均为湍流状态,分别对层流和湍流状态下大尺寸雨滴表面上惯性粒子的捕集过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了湍流脉动对不同粒子轨迹的畸变和扰动.结果表明,层流条件下的模拟结果与已有的实验结果具有很好的一致性.若对雨滴的绕流附加一个湍流强度,则雨滴附近流动速度的随机变化将对粒子的运动轨迹产生明显的影响,导致惯性粒子在湍流状态下被雨滴捕获的效率大于层流捕集效率,湍流脉动效应对粒子捕集效率的提高幅度随粒子尺度的增大而减弱.     

粉尘粒子运动扩散特性的大涡模拟研究

采用大涡模拟的方法(LES)模拟了气体运动,采用Lagrangian方法模拟了粉尘颗粒运动,针对平面尾迹流和湍流射流这2种基本流场类型对不同stokes(St)数粉尘颗粒随流场的空间分布特性进行了数值模拟．2种不同工况下的数值模拟结果均显示,小Stokes数颗粒在流场中受流体涡团的影响较大,一般分布于涡团核心区,并且小Stokes数颗粒可以和流场近似无滑移的同步发展;中等Stokes数颗粒由于受来流涡结构离心力与颗粒自身惯性力的影响大致相同,一般分布于涡核的边沿;而Stokes数远大于1的大颗粒,由于其在流场中跟随性减弱,更多的颗粒按其原有的方向运动,表现的是自身运动惯性的影响．     

高架桥对街道峡谷内大气颗粒物输运的影响

随着我国城市汽车保有量的迅速攀升,城市中心区域的空气质量与生态环境急剧恶化.利用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟,研究了3种H/W(街道建筑物高度/峡谷宽度)下高架桥对街道峡谷内颗粒物扩散的影响.建立了街道峡谷内机动车尾气中颗粒物扩散模型,并给出了边界条件.采用标准k-ε模型与离散相模型对街道峡谷内部气流运动、颗粒物扩散及浓度分布进行了模拟计算,并计算了高架桥对风场及颗粒物扩散的影响.结果表明:H/W越大,街道峡谷内颗粒物浓度越高,同时颗粒物平均滞留时间越长.相对于没有高架桥的街道峡谷,高架桥附近区域风场变化明显,但对建筑物墙壁、地面及峡谷顶层处影响较小.街道峡谷内存在高架桥时,在墙壁较低处颗粒物浓度增加.      

双区静电除尘器的数值模拟研究

采用数模拟的方法研究了双区静电除尘器内流场分布、颗粒荷电及颗粒运动等难以直接测量的物理过程,构建了双区静电除尘过程完整的数值模型.采用泊松方程、电流连续性方程和匀强电场方程描述电场,采用N-S方程和雷诺应力标准湍流模型描述流场,采用拉格朗日法描述颗粒运动轨迹.通过截面风速与颗粒去除率的模拟值与实验值的对比,验证了数值模型在模拟内部流场和颗粒运动时的准确性.数值模拟结果表明：双区静电除尘器内部流场分布对入口风速的变化非常敏感;颗粒荷电方式占比由颗粒粒径决定;荷电区内颗粒向极板的趋近过程由流体曳力和电场力共同完成,收尘区内的趋近过程则由电场力主导;入口流速通过改变颗粒前进速度和内部流场形态来影响颗粒运动轨迹.     

建筑扰动条件下大气流动与扩散的CFD模拟

用FLUENT模式对中性大气、单个建筑的气流扰动情况进行模拟,并以风洞试验数据检验模拟效果;将模拟方法应用于类似城市建筑阵列条件的大气污染扩散问题,并且与现场示踪试验比较. 结果表明:FLUENT对建筑扰动条件的平均风场模拟效果良好,FAC2(模拟值与试验值之比在0.5~2之间的比例)在水平与垂直风速下分别达到77.9%与61.0%;对湍流特征量的模拟偏差稍大,K(湍流动能)虽总体偏小,但FAC2仍达到了54.6%. 选择湍流闭合的标准K-ε(ε为湍流动能耗散率)方案、重整化群K-ε方案和雷诺应力模型方案对结果的影响均不大. 采用FLUENT模拟了类似城市街区建筑阵列条件的大气扩散个例, 模拟结果反映了建筑扰动导致的扩散烟流轴线相对于平均风向的非常规偏移,并且扩散浓度与示踪试验结果相符较好,下风向32与63m处的侧向模拟浓度峰值的相对误差分别为72.5%与36.9%. 相比于高斯模式ISC3,FLUENT对复杂建筑阵列条件的扩散模拟结果更符合实际,如污染物向上风向扩散以及在建筑物周围堆积与绕流的现象. FLUENT扩散模拟还显示:近源处相邻建筑街道峡谷中的最大浓度沿下风向“阶跃”式减小,排放源所在街道峡谷中的最大浓度可比相邻街谷中的高几倍甚至1个数量级以上.      

上呼吸道内可吸入颗粒物运动及沉降的模拟研究

建立了一个从人体口腔到前3级支气管的上呼吸道3维几何模型和流场计算模型以及可吸入颗粒物运动模型.将数值模拟结果与相关的实验数据进行了对比,表明数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合.在此基础上,在拉格朗日框架下追踪研究了可吸入颗粒物的运动轨迹,并统计了颗粒物在气道内不同部位的沉积分数;对人体上呼吸道内可吸入颗粒物的运动及沉积过程以及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,可吸入颗粒物在上呼吸道内不同部位的沉积与呼吸强度、颗粒物密度以及粒径等因素密切相关;高呼吸强度时颗粒物在气管内的沉积分数明显升高,且随粒径的增大呈下降趋势;颗粒物在喉部的沉积分数最大,可以达到35%左右,但沉积分数受呼吸强度和粒径的影响相对较小;颗粒物在支气管内的沉积分数随粒径增大呈明显下降趋势;中小呼吸强度下颗粒物在支气管内的沉积分数明显高于高呼吸强度下的沉积分数.研究成果可以为可吸入颗粒物对人体健康影响的研究以及医学中气溶胶吸入疗法的研究等提供一定的依据.     

一种新型流管反应器的设计与表征

介绍了一种用于气溶胶生成机制研究的流管反应器（Jiao-FTR,J-FTR）的设计及表征.借助计算流体力学（CFD）模拟和实验测定,表征了不同进气结构和实验条件下反应器内流场的发展及稳定,移动进气管的喷射效应以及气体和颗粒物在反应器内的平均停留时间.结果表明,预混合段进气方式,主流流量,移动进气管结构及注入流量对J-FTR的流场发展以及气体和颗粒物的停留时间具有较大影响;J-FTR的预混合进气段具有使主流快速过渡为层流的优势,在对称进气条件下,当主流流量不超过8L/min,气流在进入主反应段之前可发展为稳定的层流;当移动进气管使用大内径的直管或径面十字型结构时,可以有效减小或避免移动进气管的喷射效应.以上结果不仅可为使用J-FTR开展大气化学和气溶胶生成机制研究提供重要的实验指导,也可为其他研究者设计FTR,进行流管实验提供借鉴.     

核电厂野外示踪试验的三维数值模拟研究

为深入分析国内某拟选滨海核电厂址的大气扩散特征,在现场野外示踪试验的基础上,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件Fluidyn-PANACHE,结合三维GIS、结构化贴体网格构建、区域加密等技术方法,创建了可模拟野外示踪试验的精细化大气扩散模拟系统.相比于高斯模式,CFD模式能够更好地模拟示踪剂在不同下风距离处的峰值浓度和烟羽宽度,对近场及复杂下垫面条件下的扩散模拟更贴合实际,且可在稳态模拟的基础上获得连续变化风场中接近实时模拟的仿真效果.模拟结果的偏差统计分析表明,CFD稳态模拟和高斯模拟的统计学评价指标均位于国际公认的可接受范围内,CFD模拟的随机偏差优于高斯模拟.因此,CFD模式可用于辅助和优化其他核电厂址的野外示踪试验工作,提高我国核安全审评的效率和针对性.     

颗粒轨道模型用于烟气脱硫喷淋塔两相流数值模拟

以FLUENT软件为计算工具,采用Euler-Lagrange方法模拟喷淋塔内部气液两相流动.气相用标准k-ε湍流模型描述,喷淋液滴用颗粒轨道模型描述.综合考虑颗粒受力分析、颗粒湍流扩散以及气液两相耦合3方面影响因素对颗粒轨道模型进行设置,从液滴粒径分布、液滴出口速度、喷淋夹角3个方面对喷嘴射流源进行精确定义.模拟结果表明:喷淋塔内轴向气速分布均匀;中空锥形的喷嘴设计使喷淋液形成伞状雨帘,有效防止烟气短流;塔内液滴浓度分布存在中间高、边缘低的问题,可通过改进喷嘴布置方案加以改进;颗粒轨道模型能够较好地预测喷淋塔内两相流动.     

大型室内场所的通风结构优化与病毒扩散规律

大型室内场所中的人员密集,且内部空气流场复杂,研究以气溶胶为载体的病毒在大型封闭空间中的扩散规律,对预防传染病毒的传播具有重要意义。以2020年武汉抗疫期间由某体育场临时改装的方舱医院为研究对象,利用数值模拟的方法分析方舱中的空气流场,同时采用DPM模型(离散相颗粒模型)模拟了带有病毒的气溶胶颗粒在方舱中分布和扩散情况,并研究了自然通风、强制通风、风道配风和底部抽吸对颗粒分布的影响。数值模拟结果表明:在风道配风及底部抽吸的情况下,气溶胶扩散得到了有效抑制,且风道配风的风压为50 Pa时,具有最佳的病毒气溶胶排出效果。