河湖疏浚底泥处理处置与资源化利用技术进展及展望

河湖环保疏浚处理工程会产生大量的疏浚底泥,底泥中含有氮磷营养盐、重金属、有机物等多种环境污染物,若不予以合理的处理处置,将对生态环境造成严重的二次污染。系统介绍了河湖疏浚底泥的化学组成特征,综述了河湖疏浚底泥调理、脱水、固化、稳定化、异位修复等常规处理方法的优缺点和适用性,总结了现有的河湖疏浚底泥资源化利用途径,并针对污染河湖疏浚底泥处理处置技术研究现状及存在的问题,从生态风险评估、新型处理技术发展和绿色资源化利用产业、质量基准和技术规范构建等方面展望了河湖疏浚底泥处理的后续重点研究方向。     

基于污染负荷指数法的东莞道滘内河涌底泥重金属污染评价

本文应用污染负荷指数法对东莞市道滘镇内河涌流底泥中重金属含量进行了评估研究,为中小河流清淤疏浚、淤泥处理处置提供科学依据。结果表明:道滘内河涌底泥污染等级为Ⅱ级,属于强污染,主要污染物是铜、锌、镉。     

城市受污染疏浚底泥特性与作绿地用土的可行性分析

受污染河道疏浚底泥消纳是上海市环境治理中面临的问题之一。中、轻度污染的疏浚底泥用作绿地用土是具有资源化价值的底泥消纳适用途径,为分析此途径的可行性。选择上海市典型中度污染河道底泥作了植物生长相关理化性质和重金属污染特性(总量、浸出液浓度、分级提取比例分布)分析,并据此讨论了此类(中、轻度污染)疏浚底泥的绿地利用可行性,分析结果表明,中度污染河道疏浚底泥的植物相关特性为：速效植物养分含量高,但阳离子交换容量低;总溶解盐含量高,但苏打盐和氯化钠含量低：重金属总量和浸出液重金属浓度低于国家农用污泥污染物控制标准和危险废物鉴别标准——浸出毒性鉴别限值,但Pb和Cd的可交换态比例较高(24％和62％)。底泥综合理化性质的分析结果：中度以下污染程度的上海市河道疏浚污泥具有作绿地用土必须的植物相容性,可用作绿地用土：但底泥的保肥能力较差,作绿地用土初期宜种植速生、需肥量大的植物,以控制植物养分流失;对于重金属、尤其是可交换态比例高的重金属溶出造成的环境影响,宜采用底泥施用量控制等手段对其不利影响进行防治。     

荷兰填埋处置疏浚污染底泥的历程与实践

荷兰由于高度的工业化、发达的航运以及特殊的地形条件,造成境内的湖泊与河流严重污染,为了从根本上治理这些受到污染的水域,必须对水底含有众多污染物的底泥进行环保疏浚。本文先简要介绍荷兰关于处置疏浚污染底泥的政策和法规、底泥填埋的处置技术研究和修建封闭式填埋场的指导准则,最后介绍了一个污染底泥用填埋场处置的工程实例。     

污染底泥环保疏浚工程的理念·应用条件·关键问题

污染底泥是水体最主要的内源,存在污染物二次释放的风险,而环保疏浚可以有效地清除污染底泥、降低内源污染负荷及其释放风险,因此近年来该技术在水环境治理中得到广泛的应用.环保疏浚的主要目的是有效清除河流、湖泊（水库）水体污染底泥中累积的污染物,并对浚后污泥进行安全处理处置,为污染河流、湖泊（水库）水质改善与生态修复发挥工程作用.作为湖泊、河流水污染综合治理技术体系的重要组成部分,环保疏浚是生态环境工程技术之一,也是湖泊河流水污染治理的重要手段;但底泥疏浚同时也存在疏浚效果不理想、可能造成原位扰动与异地污染、改变水生态系统的结构与功能等生态风险.研究显示,未来环保疏浚的主要发展方向应包括:① 基于调查评估基础上的污染底泥分区、分类环保疏浚及处理处置研究;② 污染底泥环保疏浚与区域生态修复一体化设计研究;③ 污染底泥环保疏浚-浚后干化-处理处置-资源化集成技术研究;④ 污染底泥环保疏浚、处理和资源化全过程监管评估技术研究.      

河道底泥重金属污染模块化异位治理工程实例研究

该项工程主要处理山东省某河道约5.94 km范围内的中、重度重金属污染底泥,处理规模约145 000 m~3,施工顺序包括河道工程疏浚、淋洗筛分、脱水减容、稳定固化、尾水处理、底泥处置六部分内容。工程完成后,目标河段底泥中重金属含量满足《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)二级标准,工程排放尾水中重金属浓度满足《山东省半岛流域水污染物综合排放标准》(DB37/676-2007)一级标准。该工程的成功实施为河道水质安全提供了有力保障。     

太湖东部不同类型湖区疏浚后沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

为揭示太湖东部疏浚湖区沉积物中重金属分布特征及其潜在生态风险,于2012年在东太湖与胥口湾共设置5个点位采集沉积物样品,测试了底泥部分理化性质及重金属元素含量(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn),并运用潜在生态风险指数法综合评价了疏浚湖区沉积物的重金属污染现状和潜在风险程度.结果表明,太湖东部不同类型湖区间沉积物的营养盐及重金属含量分布存在差异,总体上胥口湾草型湖区的重金属含量相对东太湖养殖湖区较高,营养盐含量则相对较低;在垂直剖面上,沉积物营养盐和重金属均表现出表层富集的特征.太湖东部湖区各疏浚点位的营养盐和重金属含量均低于未疏浚点位,表明底泥生态疏浚能有效去除沉积物中的营养物质和重金属污染物,但疏浚效果随时间逐渐减弱.各重金属元素及营养盐之间均呈显著正相关关系,表明这些污染物具有较好的同源性.潜在生态风险指数RI的评价结果表明,各点位沉积物的重金属潜在危害程度依次为X1>D1>D3>X2>D2,其中未疏浚点位胥口湾X1的潜在生态风险高于东太湖D1,且X1、D1均属于中等生态风险,而疏浚点位D2、D3、X2属于轻微生态风险,底泥疏浚有效降低了沉积物中的重金属潜在生态风险.     

麦庙港-备塘河底泥污染状况及生态风险评价

对麦庙港-备塘河6个点位的底泥重金属和有机污染物进行了监测.结果表明重金属含量分布不均,且范围波动较大,除2个测点锌超过<农用污泥中污染物控制标准>(GB4284-84),其它重金属指标均达标.4个监测点位底泥有机污染物氯仿、二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、六六六、滴滴涕含量均达相关标准.底泥重金属的潜在生态风险顺序...     

湖泊污染底泥疏浚工程技术——滇池草海底泥疏挖及处置

论述了环保疏浚工程的特点,工程方案的主要内容,设备选型,底泥处置,以及干化等。笔者以滇池草海污染底泥疏挖及处置工程为实例介绍了湖泊污染底泥疏浚工程技术。      

杭州市河道底泥重金属污染评价与环保疏浚深度研究

重金属是河道底泥疏浚要控制的重要污染物,而疏浚深度是生态疏浚工程中需要确定的关键参数.本文以杭州经济技术开发区河道为研究对象,共采集18处底泥柱状样,采用土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准值、变异系数和相关性分析方法对底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的污染状况进行了评价,同时分析重金属总量和有效态含量在垂向上的变化特征,并引入地累积指数法对各深度底泥中的重金属进行累积性评估,利用本文提出的临界累积深度方法来确定合理的环保疏浚深度.结果表明,河道表层底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的平均含量分别为165.16、342.40、55.34、3.61、34.06、36.70 mg·kg-1,Cd、Cu、As、Zn的有效态含量分别为0.007、3.37、0.095、20.76 mg·kg-1,重金属总量均超过了杭嘉湖平原土壤背景值,其中Cd污染最为严重.各重金属元素在底泥中的变异系数为0.29~2.39,空间分布并不均匀.重金属总量和有效态含量随底泥深度的增大整体呈下降趋势,但受不同时期人类活动污染及河道整治影响而呈不规则变化.各重金属元素的富集程度为CdAsZnPbNiCu,其中,Cd污染等级为2~6级,污染程度为中度污染至极强污染.利用临界累积深度方法推算得到研究区域河道底泥环保疏浚深度为0~0.9 m.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.