Investigation of carbonyl compound sources at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China

Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry, but their primary sources are still not understood well. In this work, carbonyls, hydrocarbons, and alkyl nitrates were continuously measured during November 2011 at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and hydrocarbons showed large fluctuations during the entire measurement. The average level for total measured volatile organic compounds during the pollution episode from 25th to 27th November, 2011 was 91.6 ppb, about 7 times the value for the clean period of 7th–8th, November, 2011. To preliminarily identify toluene sources at this site, the emission ratio of toluene to benzene (T/B) during the pollution episode was determined based on photochemical ages derived from the relationship of alkyl nitrates to their parent alkanes. The calculated T/B was 5.8 ppb/ppb, significantly higher than the values of 0.2–1.7 ppb/ppb for vehicular exhaust and other combustion sources, indicating the dominant influence of industrial emissions on ambient toluene. The contributions of industrial sources to ambient carbonyls were then calculated using a multiple linear regression fit model that used toluene and alkyl nitrates as respective tracers for industrial emission and secondary production. During the pollution episode, 18.5%, 69.0%, and 52.9% of measured formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were considered to be attributable to industrial emissions. The emission ratios relative to toluene for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were determined to be 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 ppb/ppb, respectively. More research on industrial carbonyl emission characteristics is needed to understand carbonyl sources better.     

基于PMF和源示踪物比例法的大气羰基化合物来源解析:以南京市观测为例

大气羰基化合物在对流层大气化学中发挥着重要作用,其受到直接排放和二次生成的共同影响,来源研究面临挑战.本研究基于2017年3月在南京市开展的羰基化合物观测,分别利用源示踪物比例法（STR）和正交矩阵因子模型（PMF）对羰基化合物进行来源解析,并将二者结果进行比较,以探讨导致来源解析不确定性的因素.本研究共检测出11种羰基化合物,总体积分数范围为2.57×10^-9~22.83×10^-9,其中甲醛、乙醛和丙酮是主要组分,分别占羰基化合物总平均体积分数的36.8%、21.6%和18.5%.通过比较乙炔和甲苯作为示踪物时,以及第5和第10百分数作为背景体积分数时解析结果的差异,探讨了示踪物选取和背景体积分数对STR解析结果的影响.PMF解析出了交通排放源、石化化工源、涂料与溶剂使用源、二次生成及背景源和化工源这5类源.二次生成及背景源是羰基化合物最主要的来源,对甲醛、乙醛和丙酮的贡献分别为56.4%、48.2%和58.3%.STR和PMF解析结果的比较发现,STR法依赖于示踪物的选取,在VOCs来源复杂地区应用时需要进行严格评估.     

沈阳市郊区环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征与来源分析

为探究沈阳市郊区环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征,于2017年8月24日—9月2日采用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法对沈阳市郊区醛酮类化合物进行观测分析,利用美国环境保护局推荐的人体健康风险评价方法对部分有毒有害醛酮类化合物的人体健康风险进行了评价,并利用比值法对醛酮类化合物的来源进行了初步分析.结果表明:醛酮类化合物质量浓度日均值范围为23.16~38.38 μg/m3;质量浓度最高的4种醛酮类化合物依次是丙酮、甲醛、正丁醛和乙醛,其质量浓度日均值的平均值分别为8.71、5.90、5.48和2.95 μg/m3.对·OH消耗速率(L_OH)贡献较大的醛酮类化合物物种是正丁醛、甲醛和乙醛,臭氧生成潜势贡献(OFP)较大的醛酮类化合物物种是甲醛、正丁醛和乙醛,在研究区影响醛酮类化合物光化学反应活性的物种主要是甲醛、乙醛和正丁醛.研究区观测期间,环境空气中甲醛和乙醛的致癌性风险值分别为1.18×10-5和5.91×10-6,对暴露人群存在潜在的致癌风险;乙醛的非致癌风险值为0.05,对暴露人群不存在非致癌风险.在研究区的一次臭氧轻度污染过程期间,环境空气中的甲醛和乙醛受天然源排放的挥发性有机物二次转化的影响减弱,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮受到炼焦工业和机动车等人为源排放的影响增强,而正丁醛主要受当地精细化工产业排放的影响.研究显示,沈阳市应加大对炼焦工业、精细化工和机动车来源排放醛酮类化合物的管制,以降低环境空气中活性醛酮类化合物及有毒有害醛酮类化合物的浓度.      

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.     

2014年北京APEC期间大气醛酮污染物的污染特征与来源分析

于2014年11月北京APEC会议前后,调查了大气醛酮污染物的变化规律及污染特征. 结果表明甲醛、乙醛和丙酮是主要污染物,占总醛酮污染物的82.66%,特别是甲醛,约占40.12%. APEC会议期间北京采取相关措施后,总醛酮污染物浓度下降了64.10%,醛酮污染物在会议前后的变化趋势与PM_2.5等污染物相似. 会议期间和会议后甲醛、乙醛、丙酮和总醛酮污染物之间(R²为0.67~0.98)的相关性较好,说明其有相同来源; 但会议前的相关性较弱,(R²-0.11~0.42和R² 0.16~0.94),说明其来源不同. 计算所得的诊断参数如C1/C2、C2/C3和OC/EC比值显示,会议前来自汽车尾气与燃煤的复合源,而会议期间和会议后燃煤排放比例增加,特别是在会议后.     

珠江口西岸冬季海陆风背景下羰基化合物的初步研究

于2008年12月7~9日对珠江三角洲新垦的大气环境进行连续加强观测,采用DNPH-HPLC/UV分析方法测量了冬季海陆风条件下大气挥发性羰基化合物的组成及浓度水平,研究了污染特征和来源.结果表明,新垦大气中共检测到17种挥发性羰基化合物,浓度变化范围为7.78′10-9~31.78′10-9,大多数物质地面浓度高于楼顶.其中浓度最高的污染物是丙酮,其次是甲醛和乙醛,三者占总羰基化合物浓度的比例高于70%.大气挥发性羰基化合物的浓度分布呈现出以12月8日为代表的受城区污染物长距离输送影响的变化规律,以及以12月7日和12月9日为代表的受海陆风影响的变化规律.甲醛/乙醛和乙醛/丙醛的特征比值及各成分相关性分析表明它们主要来自城区人为污染源的排放,其组成和含量的变化与污染物长距离输送过程和海陆风影响有密切关系.大气光化学反应生成的二次产物和当地植被排放亦是重要来源.     

上海市大气羰基化合物水平研究

建立乙腈-水-四氢呋喃三元梯度洗脱方法,利用HPLC-UV分离定量22种羰基化合物,并成功地分离了丙酮和丙烯醛.选取了2个采样点(工业区和商业区)对上海市大气中的羰基化合物进行了研究.结果表明,甲醛、乙醛、丙酮和2-丁酮(C1-C4羰基化合物)是上海市大气浓度较高的化合物,它们分别占羰基化合物总量的78.95%(工业区)和77.63%(商业区).在工业区,甲醛、乙醛、丙酮和2-丁酮的平均浓度分别为10.36、15.32、9.95和4.56μg/m3;在商业区,它们的平均浓度分别为10.00、10.04、7.80和2.81μg/m3.工业区的C1-C4羰基化合物平均水平要高于商业区.羰基化合物总量亦是工业区(53.64μg/m3)高于商业区(41.96μg/m3).羰基化合物的昼夜变化在工业区和商业区也比较一致,均是早高峰和晚上这2个时段的浓度很高,而其它时段较低.     

The pollution levels, variation characteristics, sources and implications of atmospheric carbonyls in a typical rural area of North China Plain during winter

Atmospheric carbonyls were measured at a typical rural area of the North China Plain (NCP) from November 13 to December 24, 2017 to investigate the pollution characteristics, sources and environmental implications. Fifteen carbonyls were detected, and formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone accounted for about 81% at most. The concentration of the total carbonyls in heavily polluted days was twice more than that in clean days. In contrast to other carbonyls, m-tolualdehyde exhibited relatively high concentrations in the clean days in comparison with the polluted days. The ratios of three principal carbonyls to CO showed similar daily variations at different pollution levels with significant daytime peaks. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the contributions of background, primary and secondary sources to three principal carbonyls showed similar variation trends from the clean level to the heavily polluted level. The OH formation rate of formaldehyde showed a similar variation trend to its photodegradation rate, reaching the peak value at noon, which is important to maintain relatively high OH levels to initiate the oxidation of various gas-phase pollutants for secondary pollutant formation at the rural site. OH radical consumption rate and ozone formation potential (OFP) calculations showed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant oxidative species among measured carbonyls. As for OH radical consumption, n-butyraldehyde and m-tolualdehyde were important contributors, while for ozone formation potential, n-butyraldehyde and propionaldehyde made significant contributions. In addition, the contribution of carbonyl compounds to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was also important and needs further investigation.     

浙江嘉兴农场大气羰基化合物水平及来源

对浙江嘉兴农场的大气羰基化合物水平进行了研究,利用液相双质谱(LC-MS/MS)进行样品分析,检测出32种羰基化合物.结果表明,甲醛、乙醛、壬醛/2-壬酮和十二醛为最为丰富的羰基化合物,其平均浓度分别为13.99,8.76,7.77,7.13μg/m3,分别占羰基化合物总量的18.29%,11.45%,10.16%,9.32%.光化学反应和植物排放,尤其是水稻的排放,是嘉兴农场大气羰基化合物的主要来源;水稻收割活动还是乙醛和己醛的另一个来源.羰基化合物之间的相关性分析表明,甲醛与乙醛之间有显著线性相关(r=0.58,P0.70,表明庚醛与乙醛及其他高分子的羰基化合物亦有相同来源;十一醛、十二醛、十三醛、辛醛、癸醛和壬醛/2-壬酮之间的线性相关在0.95~0.99范围(P<0.01),表明其来源极为一致.     

张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化特征

为探究中亚热带森林大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化特征,于2014年8月—2015年1月在张家界森林公园采用 EPA TO-11A方法对张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物质量浓度进行了监测.结果表明:张家界森林大气中主要的醛酮类化合物为甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、丙醛和MACR(甲基丙烯醛),质量浓度分别为4.32、0.95、3.01、0.48和0.51 μg/m3.大气中ρ(甲醛)、 ρ(乙醛)和ρ(MACR)的季节变化特征很明显,夏季和秋季醛酮类化合物质量浓度较高,冬季醛酮类化合物质量浓度较低.此外,醛酮类化合物质量浓度日变化显著,除了10月、12月受人为因素影响较大外,其余月份醛酮质量浓度最大值通常出现在13:00—15:00.张家界森林大气中C1/C2(ρ(甲醛)/ρ(乙醛))为5.72,比城市地区(C1/C2为1左右)高,但比偏远森林地区(C1/C2为10左右)低.ρ(甲醛)与ρ(乙醛)、 ρ(MACR)均呈正相关且达到显著水平,而ρ(丙酮)与ρ(甲醛)、 ρ(乙醛)与ρ(MACR)的相关性差.与文献报道的加拿大Ontario、墨西哥Langmuir等地区对比,张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物质量浓度较高,但明显低于北京、上海等城市地区.研究显示,张家界森林大气中甲醛、乙醛和MACR主要来自森林地区植物排放的VOCs光氧化生成,丙酮除了来自植物排放的有机物光氧化分解外,还有其他人为源,进一步说明了张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化主要受光化学反应等自然影响,但人为因素的影响也不容忽略.      

广州医院低分子量羰基化合物研究

2004年1月2日-3月20日对广州市区4家医院室内外的低分子量羰基化合物进行了检测.实验方法是应用羰基化合物和2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)迅速反应生成衍生物,产物在高效液相色谱上进行检测;每家医院连续采样5 d.结果表明:广州医院丙酮的质量浓度最高,其次是乙醛和甲醛,除甲醛外,室内羰基化合物的质量浓度稍高于室外;羰基化合物之间的相关性不好,可能是它们的来源比较复杂,如车辆排放、建筑装饰材料、医用试剂等,其中广泛使用酒精消毒可能是医院乙醛质量浓度偏高的原因.对医院甲醛、乙醛在人体内的暴露水平做了讨论,与其他类似场所相比,医院的暴露风险相对较小.      

质子转移反应质谱在线测量大气挥发性有机物及来源研究——以深圳夏季为例

含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)在光化学烟雾形成过程中起到重要作用,其分析技术在近些年才有突破性发展.为了解深圳大气中含氧挥发性有机物和NMHCs的组成和浓度的演变规律与来源特征,2011年夏季在深圳利用先进的质子转移反应质谱技术对①生物质燃烧示踪物、②生物源排放挥发性有机物、③芳香烃类以及④含氧挥发性有机物等4类VOCs进行了为期4个月的观测.结果显示,深圳OVOCs和NMHCs浓度水平普遍高于国外,且本地甲苯、甲醇和异戊二烯有较强排放,它们的浓度分别为(3.86±5.85)、(16.06±13.88)和(0.75±1.12)ppbv(parts per billion by volume:10-9),主要受本地的溶剂使用挥发以及夏季高温高日照的影响;不同类VOCs有不同的月际变化,但大部分VOCs浓度5月份最高,6月份最低,分析表明这是气象条件和排放源源强变化的综合作用结果;通过研究OVOCs的日变化曲线发现OVOCs不仅来源于一次源的排放,还源于NMHCs的二次转化,其中甲醇和丙酮可能还源于生物质燃烧,乙醛和MEK还受生物源排放的影响;最后结合反向轨迹发现深圳夏季源于洋面的气团对苯乙烯和C9芳香烃的传输作用较大,源于内陆的气团对MEK、乙醛和甲苯的传输作用较大,而甲醇、丙酮、苯等主要受本地源排放的控制.     

北京大气中醛酮化合物污染特征与来源分析

为研究北京大气中醛酮化合物的污染特征,利用2,4-二硝基苯肼采样管采样-高效液相色谱仪分析的方法,于2020年1月—12月以及2020年5月26—29日对北京城区评价点(车公庄)大气中的13种醛酮化合物开展常规和加密监测分析,于2020年9月17—21日对北京城区评价点和北京东南边界点(永乐店)开展同步监测分析,并对醛酮化合物的来源进行了初步分析.结果表明：(1)2020年北京城区大气中醛酮化合物总浓度为(25.1±8.5)μg/m³,其中丙酮、甲醛和乙醛的贡献率分别为43.1%、30.7%和15.6%.臭氧生成潜势呈甲醛>乙醛>丙酮的特征,其中甲醛和乙醛对臭氧生成潜势的贡献率分别为66.5%和23.0%.(2)醛酮化合物总浓度呈夏季>春季>秋季>冬季的特征,甲醛和乙醛浓度日变化均呈“双峰”特征,均在12:00—15:00达第1个峰值,在17:00—19:00达第2个峰值.(3)同步监测期间,车公庄和永乐店的醛酮化合物总浓度分别为(24.4±7.8)(24.1±7.5)μg/m³,车公庄丙酮、甲醛的贡献率分别较永...     

Seasonal,diurnal and nocturnal variations of carbonyl compounds in the semi-urban environment of Orléans,France

Atmospheric carbonyls were measured at a semi-urban site in Orléans, France, from October 2010to July2011. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were found to be the most abundant carbonyls, with average concentrations of 3.1, 1.0, 2.0 ppb, respectively in summer, 2.3, 0.7, 2.2 ppb, respectively in autumn, 2.2, 1.0, 2.1 ppb, respectively in spring,and 1.5, 0.7, 1.1 ppb, respectively in winter. Photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) was found to make a remarkable contribution to atmospheric carbonyls in the semi-urban site based on the distinct seasonal and diurnal variations of the carbonyls, as well as the significantly positive correlations between the carbonyls and ozone. The significantly negative correlations between NO x and O_3 as well as the carbonyls and the positive correlations between wind speed and O_3 as well as the carbonyls implied that the carbonyls and O_3 at the semi-urban site were probably formed during air mass transport from neighboring cities.     

深圳市秋季VOCs空间分布特征与关键减排物种

于2019年11月6~9日开展了深圳全市11点位105种VOCs组分的离线观测,评估了深圳市不同区域的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAFP）的空间分布特征.结果表明：观测期间深圳市总VOCs,总OFP和总SOAFP分别为44.3×10^-9,272.6和1.1μg/m³.从空间分布来看,VOCs,OFP与SOAFP具有相似特征,均呈现西高东低,北高南低的趋势,西北部工业区存在较多工业排放源,是削减VOCs的关键区域.从物种组成来看,体积浓度较高的物种有丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙烷;OFP较高的物种有1,3-丁二烯、甲苯、乙醛;SOAFP较高的物种有甲苯和二甲苯;且甲苯/苯比值表明溶剂排放等工业源对VOCs影响显著.从空间分布差异来看,正丁烷、甲苯和2,3-二甲基丁烷区域差异性较大.综合以上分析得出,正丁烷、异丁烷、甲苯、二甲苯和1,3-丁二烯作为化学活性较高且本地排放特征最显著的物种,是深圳市区域性O₃和PM_2.5协同防治的关键VOCs组分.     

生物质锅炉羰基化合物排放特征分析

为了探讨生物质锅炉羰基化合物的排放特征,采用气袋采样-PFPH衍生-GC/MS分析的方法测量了6台生物质锅炉排放烟气中的21种羰基化合物.结果表明,这些生物质锅炉的烟气中羰基化合物排放特征存在明显差异,总体而言,己醛和丙醛浓度在测定的21种目标化合物中比重最高,分别占总量的29%~47%和19%~31%,其次为甲醛和丙酮,乙醛和壬醛.通过羰基化合物排放量与消耗的燃料质量比值估算了排放因子,6台锅炉羰基化合物排放因子介于3.06~18.29mg/kg之间,平均为9.45±6.05mg/kg.采用最大增量反应活性法（MIR）评价了羰基化合物的化学反应活性及臭氧生成潜势（OFP）,平均总的臭氧生成潜势（以O₃计）为5.97gO₃/gVOCs;己醛、丙醛、甲醛对OFP的贡献尤为明显,丙酮虽然占有较高的质量浓度,但对OFP的贡献较低.     

西南典型区域夏季大气含氧挥发性有机化合物来源解析

含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）是大气光化学过程中的重要中间产物,是臭氧的重要来源之一.利用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪（PTR-TOF-MS）在成都平原对OVOCs进行观测,探讨其日变化特征、光化学反应活性、臭氧生成潜势和来源.结果表明,10个VOCs［乙醛、丙酮、异戊二烯、甲基乙基酮（methyl ethyl ketone,MEK）、甲基乙烯基甲酮（methyl vinyl ketone,MVK）、甲基丙烯醛（methacrolein,MACR）、苯、甲苯、苯乙烯、C8芳香烃和C9芳香烃］总浓度（体积分数）为（10.97±4.69）×10^-9,OVOCs为（8.54±3.44）×10^-9,芳香烃为（1.53±0.93）×10^-9,生物源VOCs为（0.90±0.32）×10^-9;光化学活性和臭氧生成潜势均排名前三的物种为：异戊二烯、乙醛和C8芳香烃;3个OVOCs物种（乙醛、丙酮和MEK）主要来源于本地生物源和人为二次源,且丙酮有较强的区域背景值,说明该地区的污染受到较为显著的区域传输的影响.本研究可加深对西南地区臭氧的区域形成机制的认识,为科学管控臭氧污染提供依据.     

北京及周边地区大气羰基化合物的时空分布特征初探

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）/HPLC方法,于2010年6月24日、7月22日、8月24日、9月14日（夏季）和2011年1月13日（冬季）,在北京及周边地区38个采样点组织5次同步观测,测定了大气中23种羰基化合物的浓度水平.观测结果表明,北京市各类站点夏季和冬季的总羰基化合物体积分数分别为（16.38±6.03）×10-9,（8.50±5.27）×10-9;周边城市夏季和冬季的体积分数分别为（13.19±5.71）×10-9,（13.05±2.44）×10-9.区域大气中最主要的羰基化合物是甲醛、乙醛和丙酮,三者约占总羰基化合物浓度的78%～91%.夏季羰基化合物的浓度水平明显高于冬季,并且上午09：00～12：00时段的浓度高于下午13：00～16：00时段的浓度.在空间分布上,北京市夏季羰基化合物的高值区主要集中在交通密集的主城区,而冬季受西北风影响呈现由西北向东南递增的趋势.夏季,机动车尾气对大气羰基化合物有显著的一次和二次贡献,同时在不利的气象条件影响下,造成城市地区羰基化合物的污染现象.冬季,大气羰基化合物以一次排放为主,燃煤和机动车可能是主要的污染源.     

Carbonyl compounds in dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams in restaurants with varying cooking methods in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Eighteen carbonyl species in C₁–C₁₀ were measured in the dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams of six different restaurant types in Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. Measured results in the dining areas show that Japanese barbecue (45.06 ppb) had the highest total carbonyl concentrations (sum of 18 compounds), followed by Chinese hotpot (38.21 ppb), Chinese stir-frying (8.99 ppb), Western fast-food (8.22 ppb), Chinese–Western mixed style (7.38 ppb), and Chinese buffet (3.08 ppb), due to their different arrangements for dining and cooking spaces and different cooking methods. On average, low carbon-containing species (C₁–C₄), e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and butyraldehyde were dominant and contributed 55.01%–94.52% of total carbonyls in the dining areas of all restaurants. Meanwhile, Chinese–Western mixed restaurants (45.48 ppb) had high total carbonyl concentrations in kitchens mainly because of its small kitchen and poor ventilation. However, high carbon-containing species (C₅–C₁₀) such as hexaldehyde, heptaldehyde and nonanaldehyde (16.62%–77.00% of total carbonyls) contributed comparatively with low carbon-containing compounds (23.01%–83.39% of total carbonyls) in kitchens. Furthermore, Chinese stir-frying (132.10 ppb), Japanese barbecue (125.62 ppb), Western fast-food (122.67 ppb), and Chinese buffet (119.96 ppb) were the four restaurant types with the highest total carbonyl concentrations in exhaust streams, indicating that stir-frying and grilling are inclined to produce polluted gases. Health risk assessments indicate that Chinese hotpot and Japanese barbecue exceeded the limits of cancer risk (10^− 6) and hazard index (= 1), mainly due to high concentrations of formaldehyde. The other four restaurants were below both limits.     

餐馆排放油烟气中羰基化合物浓度及分布特征

通过对餐馆排放的油烟烟气中羰基化合物的研究,发现在20种目标化合物中检测到18种,其中乙醛的浓度最高,其次是甲醛和丙酮。从分布上来看,直链的羰基化合物的浓度远远高于支链和环状的羰基化合物的浓度。因为无论是烹调油或者食物加热时都可以产生大量的羰基化合物。