沧州市大气降水化学特征分析

为了解沧州大气降水化学特征,于2009年4-11月采集了沧州大气降水样品,测定了pH值、电导率和主要离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-)浓度。结果表明,观测期间降水pH值为4.18~7.30,降水量加权平均pH值为5.23,降水酸化频率为34%;电导率值为18.5~245.0μS/cm,降水量加权平均电导率值为39.2μS/cm;降水主要离子加权平均浓度为641.36μeq/L;降水中主要阳离子成分是NH4+和Ca2+,降水量加权平均浓度分别为191.06和96.81μeq/L,分别占到阳离子总量的53%和27%;阴离子主要成分是SO42-和NO3-,降水量加权平均浓度分别为175.05和58.19μeq/L,分别占到阳离子总量的63%和21%。降水中[SO42-]/[NO3-]值为3.01,仍属于硫酸型降水,但酸雨类型逐渐由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型过渡;[NH4+]/[Ca2+]值为1.97,NH4+对降水酸度的中和作用要大于Ca2+;NH4+、SO42-和NO3-等二次组分占到降水中主要离子总量的66%,表明二次污染比较严重。降水离子相关分析表明,SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、NH4+的相关性较好,SO42-和NO3-的相关系数为0.732,NH4+与SO42-(R=0.540)、NO3-(R=0.628)的相关系数分别大于Ca2+与SO42-(R=0.532)、NO3-(R=0.410)相关系数。气流轨迹分析表明,研究区降水主要受到5类气团影响,不同气团影响下,降水pH值、电导率和离子组成存在差异。     

浙江宁波天童地区酸性降水化学特征研究

为了解浙江宁波天童地区降水的化学特征、离子来源及酸性降水的成因,于2010年3月—2011年2月在该地区采集了90个降水样品,并运用离子色谱法分析其化学组分.结果显示,天童地区降水的酸化频率和酸化程度非常高,酸雨频率为97%,雨量加权pH平均值为4.37,离子浓度的大小顺序为SO24->NH4+>NO3->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+>F-,降水较清洁;降水pH值和各离子含量存在明显的季节变化,总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏、秋季;SO24-/NO3-的浓度比值为1.9,表明该地区酸雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型;SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和部分Ca2+主要来自人为污染源,Na+、Cl-和大部分Mg2+主要来自海洋源,K+和大部分Ca2+则主要来自地壳源,海洋对天童地区降水离子组分影响较大,但对降水酸度影响并不显著;NH4+与SO42-(r=0.90)、NO3-(r=0.88)的相关性分别大于Ca2+与SO24-(r=0.67)、NO3-(r=0.73)的相关性,且NH4+/Ca2+的浓度比值为1.47,说明NH4+对降水酸性的中和作用大于Ca2+,与我国其他城市降水相比,天童地区降水中的碱性离子,尤其是Ca2+浓度较低,从而导致降水酸度高于北方地区和西南其他地区.     

泰山降水化学及大气传输的研究

为了解泰山降水的化学组成特征及其来源,于2004年7月至12月间在泰山上采集了23场降水样品,进行了pH值、电导率的测定、主要水溶性阴阳离子的分析以及每场降水的后推气流轨迹分析.结果表明,降水pH的雨量加权均值为4.74,电导率的雨量加权均值为2.26mS·m-1,泰山降水已受到酸性污染;降水中浓度较高的阳离子是NH4 和Ca2 ,雨量加权均值浓度分别为50.62和29.04μeq·L-1,浓度较高的阴离子是SO42-和NO3-,雨量加权均值浓度分别为70.32和23.44μeq·L-1;SO42-/NO3-、NH4 /Ca2 当量浓度比的平均值依次为3.41、2.13.对降水的化学组成作了相关性分析,发现NH4 、Ca2 、SO42-、NO3-浓度之间具有很好的相关性;通过气流轨迹分析发现酸性最强的降水气团来自于我国的南部地区或沿途经过华东地区,离子浓度最高的降水气团来自于我国的北部地区或欧洲大陆,来自东亚地区的降水气团的离子浓度最低.     

北京市一次沙尘过程中降水化学组分的监测分析

2010-4-5北京市出现了罕见的沙尘过程中降水,在市中心采集了雨水样品,用离子色谱方法分析了样品中9种离子组分浓度,结果表明:该次降水pH值较高(7.33)、电导率偏高(24.50mS/m)、可溶性离子浓度普遍高,9种离子浓度总和为3080meq/L;降水中离子当量浓度之比SO42-/NO3-为1.27, Ca2+/NH4+为1.25.为了进一步研究沙尘对降水化学组成的影响,统计了2005年至2010年全市3个监测点每年4月(沙尘高发期)监测的39次降水,得到其平均pH值为6.84、电导率为9.20 mS/m;降水中当量浓度之比SO42-/NO3-和Ca2+/NH4+分别为2.37和1.87.比较2组数据可见,发生在沙尘过程中的这次降水NO3-离子浓度的增加较为突出.而与历年年平均水平相比,4月降水均凸显了Ca2+和NO3-大幅增加的特征.进一步分析该次过程中同一监测点酸根离子前体物SO2、NO2的浓度变化特征发现:在沙尘和降水持续期间NO2浓度较低,在降水持续的时段SO2浓度显著降低,表明大气湿度对于SO2气粒转化起到了制约作用.     

上海金山区酸雨分布特征及降水酸度主控因子探讨

依据上海金山区2006-2010年降水监测数据,分析了该地区降水pH年均值、酸度及酸雨频率的分布特征,并对降水化学组成及各离子间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,2006-2010年金山区降水的酸化及酸化频率较高,pH均值为4.24,酸雨频率为86.4%。降水主要离子为SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、Ca2+和Na+,上述5种离子占降水离子总浓度的87.8%,主要酸性离子SO42-、NO3-与阳离子NH4+、Ca2+和Mg2+均具有较高相关性。通过对降水酸度主控因子的探讨发现,主要致酸物质为SO42-,但NO3-对降水酸度的影响越来越大,碱性物质中和作用中起主导地位的是NH4+,雨水酸化的最主要来源为人为污染源。     

崇明东滩湿地降水化学特征及来源解析

2009年5月~2010年4月收集了崇明东滩湿地降水,测定了样品的pH值、电导率和主要水溶性离子的浓度,并利用富集因子法和后向轨迹分析对降水中无机离子成分进行源解析.结果表明,崇明东滩整体空气质量良好,大气污染物浓度较低.降水的pH值和电导率的加权均值分别为5.24,17.49μS/cm,为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;SO42?和NO3?是主要的致酸离子,加权浓度分别为52.27,21.39μeq/L;NH4+和Ca2+是主要的碱性离子,加权浓度分别为33.36,27.13μeq/L;离子来源分析表明,Na+和Cl?主要来自于海洋,NH4+的中和作用大于Ca2+和Mg2+,大气颗粒物主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、NH4NO3的形式存在;后向轨迹分析表明降水主要受海洋风向影响,西北、西南方向和长江三角洲地区的人为污染物的中长尺度传输是造成崇明东滩酸雨的重要原因.     

丽江-玉龙雪山不同区域大气降水化学特征

2008─2009年在丽江-玉龙雪山地区的丽江市区、玉龙雪山冰川公园索道下部站(索道地区)和白水1号冰川区(冰川区)3个采样点采集了113个降水样品,对其pH、电导率和主要离子(Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+和NH4+)质量浓度进行了分析.结果表明,所有样品实测pH均高于5.6.3个采样点ρ(总离子)平均值为丽江市区>索道地区>冰川区,其中ρ(SO4 2-)和ρ(Ca2+)均最高.丽江市区季风前后各离子质量浓度变化显著,其中海盐离子质量浓度〔ρ(Na+)和ρ(Cl-)〕从季风前期到季风期变化不大,在季风后期增加;ρ(NO3-)、ρ(SO42-)、ρ(NH4+)、ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(K+)和ρ(Mg2+)在季风前期显著高于季风期和季风后期.采用相关分析和主因子分析法对降水中离子来源进行研究,表明SO42-、NO3-和NH4+主要来自局地人类活动的贡献,Na+、K+和Cl-是海洋源贡献,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于地表粉尘.      

三峡库区降水化学组成及时空变化特征

对2000-2009年三峡库区巴南、涪陵和万州3个观测点降水的pH、电导率及其主要化学成分的时空变化进行了分析研究.结果表明,巴南、涪陵、万州降水pH平均值分别为5.76、6.03和5.52,平均电导率分别为117.3、72.3和63.1 μS·cm-1,降水酸化趋势在逐渐增强,污染程度高于北京、成都、深圳、湖南等地.降水中SO42-占阴离子总量的77％,NH4+和Ca2为主要的阳离子.巴南、涪陵、万州3个监测点的[NO3-]/[SO42-]比值较低,分别为0.125、0.164和0.169,表明降水酸化类型为硫酸型.由于排放与气象条件(包括降雨量等)的季节性变化,各离子组分呈现明显的时空变化特征,总体表现为冬春季降水中离子浓度高于夏秋季,污染程度为巴南＞涪陵＞万州.     

兴隆大气气溶胶中水溶性无机离子分析

2009年9月～2010年8月在兴隆大气背景站,利用Andersen分级采样器进行大气气溶胶样品的采集,并利用离子色谱分析了其中的水溶性无机离子的成分含量.结果表明,TSP、PM2.1和PM1.1中总水溶性无机盐的年平均浓度分别为(89.66±47.66)、(54.44±34.08)和(44.39±29.95)μg·m-3,其中SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+和NH4+为兴隆大气气溶胶中最主要的水溶性无机离子.PM2.1中总水溶性无机离子的年平均浓度占TSP的61%.PM1.1总水溶性无机离子的年平均浓度占TSP的50%,占PM2.1的82%.PM1.1、PM2.1和TSP中水溶性无机离子总浓度季节性变化趋势一致,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.NH4+与SO42-的摩尔比>2,表明NH4+未被SO42-完全中和.在细粒子中NH4+和SO42-、NO3-均有较好的相关性,相关系数分别为0.96和0.87,表明NH4+可能以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.     

北京东北部城区大气细粒子与相关气体污染特征研究

于2008年7月~2009年4月的4个季节,在北京市朝阳区北部,利用VAPS通用型大气污染物采样仪(URG3000K)对大气细粒子(PM2.5)和环境空气中相关气体进行了同时采集,并利用IC离子色谱仪(DX-600型)分析了PM2.5中水溶性无机离子成分和环境空气中相关气体的含量.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度春季>夏季>冬季>秋季;SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是PM2.5中最主要的3种水溶性无机离子,年均质量浓度分别为14.82μg/m3、11.57μg/m3和8.35μg/m3,三者浓度之和占PM2.5中总水溶性无机离子浓度的86.28%.SO42-、NH4+浓度占PM2.5浓度百分比均为夏、秋季高于冬、春季; NO3-浓度占PM2.5浓度的百分比为秋季>春季>夏季>冬季.空气中的SO2、NO2和NH3等气态污染物的含量直接影响PM2.5中二次离子SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的浓度, SO2、NO2浓度的季节特征为冬、春季高于夏、秋季,与SO42-、NO3-的季节变化规律相反; NH3浓度在夏季最高,冬季最低. PM2.5酸度在夏、秋季高于冬、春季,且夏、秋季PM2.5样品全部呈酸性,冬、春季PM2.5样品一部分呈酸性,一部分呈碱性.夏季SOR值和NOR值分别为冬季的4.8倍和3倍,表明夏季SO2和NO2更易转化生成SO42-和NO3-.PM2.5中SO42-、NO3-和NH4+主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3的形式共存于气溶胶体系中.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.