战略环境评价指标体系框架研究——以流域规划为例

《规划环境影响评价技术导则》（试行）对规划环境影响评价的实践给出了指导,但作为规划环境评价对象之一的流域规划,该导则目前还没有给出其环境影响评价的指标体系。依照DPSIR框架的思路,初步建立了流域规划环境影响评价指标集。但DPSIR框架也不是很完善,因其对因果关系简化过多,难以了解复杂的现实因果关系,所以要达到真实的综合环境评价,需要对现实指标的关系进行深入的研究,需要改进DPSIR思路。     

基于DPSIR概念框架的区域水土保持效益评价新思路

对区域水土保持效益进行定量评价,并获得其综合质量的指标,不仅有利于对区域水土保持效益进行横向和纵向的比较,也能为区域生态环境的建设提供科学合理的决策服务。DPSIR概念框架的应用有助于人们更好的理解区域水土保持经济效益、社会效益以及环境因素之间的因果关系。本文笔者将在介绍DPSIR概念框架的基础上,根据构建区域水土保持效益评价体系的原则,提出区域水土保持效益评价的新思路。     

基于DPSIR模型的海岛生态安全综合评价

结合海岛生态系统的特点,根据海岛生态安全的概念,基于DPSIR模型建立了反映海岛生态系统自身完整性、健康性、对外服务性和不受威胁的海岛生态安全评价框架体系。采用熵权法确定指标权重并用纵横比较的方式综合分析长海县海岛生态安全。主要的特点有：一是将海岛生态安全内涵纳入DPSIR框架建立评价指标体系,保证了适用性和权威性;二是探索了静动结合的综合评价方法,反映了海岛生态安全的稳定性和发展性;三是综合考虑自然-经济-社会复合生态系统,分析了海岛生态安全的调控性和人类干扰性。按照2006--2010五年样本数据识别出长海县生态安全的关键因素。     

城市土地利用规划环境影响评价指标与方法研究

在全面分析城市土地利用规划EIA的概念内涵和特征基础上,提出城市土地利用规划EIA的一般工作程序和主要内容,并基于DPSIR理论模型构建城市土地利用规划EIA的指标体系框架,进而结合太原市土地利用规划EIA,对主要评价技术和方法进行了探讨和应用.     

城市政府建立环境管理体系的绩效分析

从城市的可持续发展和建立循环经济社会框架的需求出发．阐述了城市政府建立环境管理体系的必要性和意义；并分别从构筑沟通、监督、服务、链接四大平台．提高政府对突发事故的应急能力。建立循环经济社会框架，提高招商引资的竞争力和培养全员环境保护意识从五个方面分析论证了建立环境管理体系可以取得的环境绩效，最终做到规范政府管理，实现环境与经济，社会的协调发展。     

浅评DPSIR模型

简要介绍了DPSIR模型的概念,评述了各组成部分之间的关系,并举出了DPSIR模型的一个应用实例,最后说明了DPSIR模型的不足和可能的应用领域。     

试论环境与可持续发展

从城市环境概念和内涵入手，以可持续原则作为依据，首次提出了城市环境可持续发展的概念，并建立了其相应的模型，进而对城市环境ＳＤ具体内容进行了分析，最后指出了城市环境可持续发展政策框架，为研究城市可持续发展理论，实现国家可持续发展战略提供了一种新的思路。     

环境绩效评估在地方层面的应用——西双版纳案例

环境绩效评估是一种有效的环境管理工具,可将环境绩效纳入政府政绩考核内容。本文以云南省西双版纳傣族自治州为案例,探讨符合当地实际情况的环境评估指标体系和评估方法,利用DPSIR概念框架模式构建评估指标体系,通过一个时间系列的数据揭示和理清西双版纳州环境问题在"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应"各项指标间的相互关系,分析其联动状况,针对与预定目标的实现和可达程度低的指标,诊断西双版纳州环境状况和管理上存在的主要问题,判读西双版纳州在环境问题上的应对绩效,对环境保护政策、方案的制定提供直接依据,对促进和优化今后的规划和建设具有重要的指导意义,同时也为环境绩效评估在区域(东盟)和国家层面制度化和主流化提供基础。     

环境管理的社会能力SCEM：理论与方法学进展

环境管理的社会能力（Social Capacity for Environment Management，SCEM）是指社会管理系统对可持续发展的调节作用，是可持续发展能力的重要组成部分。城市能否实现可持续发展不仅取决于经济发展水平和资源生态状况，也取决于城市环境管理的水平。针对城市环境管理能力开展的理论研究与实际评估，对于动态而准确地判断城市环境管理的状况，优化城市环境管理体制和运行机制，从而推进城市的可持续发展具有非常重要的意义。     

公共池塘资源可持续管理的理论框架

由于自然科学和社会科学的学科视角和研究方法各异,使得我们对公共池塘资源管理问题的理解不够系统和全面。论文在综述公共池塘资源和社会-生态系统管理理论的基础上,辨析了公共池塘资源和社会-生态系统的概念;从识别影响公共池塘资源可持续管理的变量出发,梳理了社会-生态系统分析框架的演变及其局限性,指出社会-生态系统可持续发展分析框架为地理学、 生态学、 经济学、 自然资源学、 社会学等学科的交流和融合提供了统一的平台,并为资源管理、 政策分析和案例比较分析等的理论和方法提供了新的研究思路。该框架对现阶段我国资源管理政策的制定有重要借鉴意义。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.