中国草地生态系统服务功能价值遥感估算研究

草地生态系统是我国陆地上面积最大的生态系统,不仅生产大量的产品,而且提供巨大的生态服务功能。利用遥感技术估算草地生态系统服务价值,具有廉价、动态、快速、范围广等优点,并可解决传统方法所不能解决的空间异质性问题。论文考虑有机物质生产、维持CO₂和O₂平衡、营养物质循环、对环境污染的净化作用、土壤侵蚀控制和涵养水源等主要服务功能,提出了一个基于净初级生产力(NPP)和植被覆盖率的草地生态系统服务价值估算方法,并介绍了从MODIS数据反演NPP和植被覆盖率的方法。对2003年我国草地生态系统服务价值的估算结果表明,我国草地生态系统总服务价值达17050.25×10⁸元,平均48.44×10⁴元/km²,是草地生产收益的19倍;不同类型的草地生态系统单位面积服务价值空间差异悬殊,从5.62×10⁴元/km²变化到99.0×10⁴元/km²以上。     

青海省1998—2012年草地生态系统服务功能价值评估

由于人类活动对草地生态系统的干扰,草地退化加剧,科学评估草地生态系统服务功能的价值对于草地保护与管理决策具有重要意义。论文通过整合青海省多源、多尺度、多过程的生态环境数据,结合大规模的野外调查数据,构建各类专项和综合数据库,以千年生态评估生态系统服务分类系统和Costanza等的分类方法为基础,结合青海省生态系统特征及生态地位,选取了青海省生态系统服务指标评估体系。开发定量核算青海省生态系统服务功能及其价值的数据-模型融合平台,对青海省1998—2012年的草地生态系统固碳释氧、水文调节、土壤保持、生物多样性等16种生态系统服务功能价值进行了全面的评估,成功实现了草地生态系统服务价值评估的动态化、精细化和智能化。结果表明：1998—2012年草地生态系统服务功能总价值在2 349.97~3 374.49亿元之间,均值为2 935.63亿元,是青海省2012年全省GDP的1.55倍,平均每公顷达92.87万元。最后,以此为基础,提出青海省草地生态系统适应性管理策略,为青海省生态立省战略提供决策支持和依据。     

海河流域草地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估

草地生态系统为人类提供了畜产品和生命支持两个方面的多种服务功能,但人们常关注产品提供功能而忽视生命支持功能。研究采用联合国千年生态系统评估框架,构建了海河流域草地生态系统服务功能的评估指标体系,并以2005年为基准年,运用市场价值法、影子价格法等多种方法对海河流域草地生态系统进行经济价值评估。结果表明,海河流域草地面积为6.67×10¹⁰ m²,提供产品、固碳、保持土壤、净化环境等8项服务功能的总价值为2 216.28×10⁸元,单位面积价值为3.32元/(m²·a)。其中,提供产品的价值量最大,占总价值的31.3%,其次是固碳和营养物质保持功能的价值,分别占总价值的26.8%、22.2%。海河流域草地生态系统除了具有重要的产品提供功能外,固碳、营养物质保持等生命支持功能的巨大经济价值也不容忽视,平衡兼顾草地生态系统的产品提供功能和生命支持功能有助于促进海河流域经济社会发展与生态保护的协调。     

基于生态系统服务功能的城市规划研究

健康的生态系统是城市可持续发展的重要基础,生态系统服务功能及价值评估是评价生态系统的重要指标,森林、草地、湿地等生态系统在调节气候、保持土壤、涵养水源等方面具有重要作用.以宁波市北仑区为例,应用市场价值化方法粗略地分析了该区域的生态系统服务功能现状,结果表明,13年间北仑区的生态服务价值下降11.35%,其中,草地的生态服务价值下降最快,降幅达79.84%.从生态经济学角度阐释森林等生态系统在城市开发建设中的重要性.     

中国自然草地生态系统服务价值

文中参照Constaza等提出的方法,在对草地生态系统服务价格根据其生物量订正的基础上,逐项估计了各类草地生态系统的各项生态系统服务价值,得出全国草地生态系统每年的服务价值为14979×10⁸US＄。其中扰乱管理价值占1607%,水管理和水供应价值占1444%,侵蚀控制和沉积保存价值占908%,废物处理价值占4203%,授粉价值占783%,生物控制价值占72%,食物和原材料生产价值占2226%,娱乐和文化价值占578%,其它如气体管理价值、土壤形成价值和栖息地价值低于5%。受各类草地生物群落分布广度和单位面积生态服务功能强弱的综合影响,各类草地的生态服务价值贡献率有很大差异,其中,沼泽类对草地生态系统总服务价值的贡献率为5234%。温性草原类、热性草丛类、热性灌草丛类、低地草甸类和高寒草甸类对总服务价值的贡献分别在503%～774%之间,其余类型的草地生态服务价值贡献率在5%以下。     

水府庙水库流域土壤保持功能生态价值评估

在GIS和RS的支持下,基于改进的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)、影子价格法、机会成本法和替代工程法,以水府庙水库流域为研究对象,对该区域的土壤保持功能及价值的空间分布特征进行分析。研究表明,水府庙水库流域生态系统土壤保持总量为1.69×106t;生态总价值为91 829.72万元,其中生态系统土壤减少养分损失的价值为65 403.65万元、因防止土壤侵蚀而减少废弃地的价值为5 670.38万元、减轻泥沙淤积灾害方面的价值为20 755.69万元;土壤保持功能及其价值在空间上表现出很大的差异性,从流域中部地区向四周递增;土壤保持功能价值与植被覆盖度相关性较强,合理增加植被盖度对防治土壤侵蚀和增加土壤保持功能价值可以起到良好效果。     

青藏高原生态资产的价值评估

论文根据一系列1∶1000000自然资源专题图,把青藏高原生态资产划分为森林、草地、农田、湿地、水面、荒漠6个一级类型,应用GIS技术进行了数据处理与统计分析,编制了青藏高原1∶4000000自然资产图。生态资产价值评估以Costanza等人(1997)对全球生态系统服务价值评估的部分成果为参考,同时综合了对我国专业人士进行的生态问卷调查结果,建立了中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表。以此表为基础,通过生物量等因子的校正,对青藏高原不同生态资产的服务价值进行了估算,结果表明,青藏高原生态系统每年的生态服务价值为9363.9×10⁸元/年,占全国生态系统每年服务价值的17.68%,全球的0.61%。在青藏高原生态系统每年提供的生态服务价值中,土壤形成与保护价值最高,占19.3%;其次是废物处理价值,占16.8%;水源涵养价值占16.5%,生物多样性维持的价值占16%。高原不同生态系统类型中,森林生态系统和草地生态系统对青藏高原生态系统总服务价值的贡献最大,贡献率分别为31.3%和48.3%。     

我国生态系统服务价值研究进展及问题探析

通过对生态系统服务价值研究方法及湿地、草地、森林、流域和农田生态系统服务价值相关研究的整理,发现我国生态系统服务价值研究存在的问题,主要表现在评估方法的科学性、数据选取、研究结果准确性和应用性等方面。而随着生态文明及可持续发展战略的不断深入及推进,科学有效的生态系统服务价值的研究意义非同寻常,在综合分析后提出在今后的研究中需要从方法及内容上进行深入的讨论及革新,使得生态系统服务价值研究能够更好的发挥社会作用。     

大清河阜平流域生态系统结构变化的服务价值响应研究

生态系统通过物质循环、能量流动和信息传递为人类提供必要的生态服务功能,其结构变化可引起生态系统过程和服务功能的改变。研究区域的生态服务功能对生态系统结构变化的响应规律对高效配置环境资源和合理制定环境政策具有重要意义。论文以大清河阜平流域为研究对象,利用1985—2015年每隔5 a的遥感影像,采用监督分类法及价值量法,研究了该区域生态系统结构、服务功能近30 a的变化规律趋势,分析了研究区服务功能对生态系统结构变化的响应规律。结果表明：1）1985—2015年研究区生态系统结构发生明显变化,建设用地、林地、耕地、水域生态系统呈正变化,变化幅度分别为139.57%、90.66%、68.79%、6.55%;未利用地、草地生态系统呈负变化,变化幅度分别为-83.48%、-54.92%;其中林地面积的增加主要是由草地和未利用地转变而来,耕地面积增加主要由未利用地构成,建设用地的扩张主要占用耕地和未利用地。2）研究区服务价值变化趋势以2000年为界,前15 a呈增加趋势,后15 a呈减少趋势。2000年总服务价值最高,为58.08亿元;不同时期林地服务价值对研究区总服务价值贡献率最大,其次是耕地和草地;单项服务价值中,保持土壤服务价值贡献率最大,其次是维持生物多样性、气体调节和气候调节服务价值。3）研究区服务价值的增加得益于草地→林地的服务价值流向和未利用地→林地的价值流向,服务价值的损失来自于耕地转变为建设用地的服务价值损失和林地转变为耕地的服务价值损失。     

秭归县生态系统服务价值时空变化研究

该文以三峡库区坝首秭归县1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2018年6期TM影像为基础,通过遥感影像解译获取不同时期秭归县土地利用信息,探究三峡大坝建设对秭归县土地利用方式转换与生态系统服务价值的影响。研究表明:(1)1990-2018年间主要的土地利用转换方式是耕地、林地、草地转化为水域与建设用地。耕地、林地、草地分别减少了502.66、4172.90、195.85 hm~2,水域、建设用地面积分别增加了3 708.93、1 162.49 hm~2;(2)秭归县土地利用程度综合指数呈"W"型波动,由1990年的214.07略微上升至2018年的214.87;(3)研究期内秭归县生态系统服务价值由455 934万元上升至463 396万元,涨幅为1.64%,其中耕地、林地、草地、建设用地生态系统服务价值分别下降了334万元、9 870万元、192万元、876万元,水域生态系统服务价值上升了18 735万元;(4)研究期内林地生态系统服务价值占秭归县生态系统服务价值比均超过80%,水域生态系统服务价值增加值占总生态系统服务价值增加值的100%。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.