三门峡某铅厂遗留场地土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源解析

我国各大城市目前正在进行大规模的工业企业搬迁,并产生了众多污染搬迁遗留场地,其中重金属污染尤为严峻.为了分析三门峡某铅厂遗留场地土壤重金属的污染状况、空间分布和污染来源,采用地统计学分析场地土壤重金属的空间变异规律和分布特征,并利用PMF模型解析场地土壤重金属的主要来源.结果表明,土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg和Ni的平均值远超过河南省土壤环境背景值,As、Cd、Pb和Hg含量超过场地土壤污染风险筛选值,As、Pb和Hg含量超过场地土壤污染风险管控值.Cr的高值区位于废渣堆场北侧,Ni和Cd高值区位于废渣堆场北侧和场地南侧,As的高值区位于废渣堆场南侧与生活区之间,Cu和Pb高值区较为分散,主要集中于中部的原料堆场和炼炉区,Ni和Cd、Cu和Pb具有相同的空间分布特征.基于PMF模型可知,7种重金属有3种主要来源,Cd以废渣堆积源为主,贡献率为87.60%;Cu、Pb和Hg以土壤母质源为主,贡献率分别为92.50%、75.20%和95.40%;Cr、Ni和As以原料粉尘废气源为主,贡献率分别为80.80%、83.30%和62.00%.     

基于APCS-MLR和PMF的铅锌矿流域土壤重金属来源解析

以广西阳朔铅锌矿为研究对象,分析了表土中的Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Hg和Pb共10种重金属元素含量,并利用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型(APCS-MLR)和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)等方法,识别和定量解析污染源及其贡献率.研究区内Pb、Zn、Hg、Cd、Mn和Cu的含量超过了广西当地土壤背景值3.29～13.08倍,Cr、Ni、As和Sb在局部地区超过背景值,表明研究区存在重金属污染现象;10种重金属在各深度上呈现条带状和点状分布,其中Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb和Pb含量高值条带状分布于思的河左岸和思的河山前区域,Cr、Ni和Hg含量高值主要分布于中西部高冈处;APCS-MLR模型和PMF模型源解析结果表明表层土壤重金属来源主要为工矿活动源、自然因素(成土母质、降雨冲刷等)和工矿及农业活动复合源,但在贡献率上存在差异,APCS-MLR模型提取的污染源贡献率依次为工矿及农业混合源(30.95%)、工矿活动(22.39%)、自然因素(15.79%)和未识别源(8.35%),PMF模型提取污染源贡献率依次为工矿活动(35.16%)、尾矿和废渣(28.21%)...     

典型行业再利用土壤重金属含量分布、来源解析及生态风险评价

为深入探究典型行业再利用土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险状况,基于上海市嘉定区49个地块315个不同深度剖面土壤样品数据,采用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数评估Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg和As这7种重金属含量特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用源解析受体模型（APCS-MLR）和正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）解析其污染来源.结果表明：①研究区土壤中除As外,其余重金属均不同程度超过上海市土壤背景值,表层土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni和Hg含量分别是背景值的3.54、2.34、2.91、1.20、3.75和4.40倍;7种重金属含量随着土壤垂直剖面深度的增加逐渐降低,重金属在表层土壤中存在一定程度的富集,人类活动影响了重金属在土壤中的分布规律.②研究区内APCS-MLR和PMF两种受体模型均识别出土壤重金属4种主要来源,源1（Cu、Zn和Pb）为金属制品和汽车制造混合源,源2（Ni和Cd）为电镀企业来源,源3（Hg）主要为化工企业来源,源4（As）为自然源,两种受体模型结合运用,进一步提高源解析的精准度和可信度.③地累积指数由大到小表现为：Hg（1.54）>Ni（1.32）>Cd（1.21）>Cu（0.96）>Pb（0.64）>Zn（-0.33）>As（-1.02）;潜在生态风险指数结果显示,研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI值在32.50~4 910.97,均值为321.40,整体呈现较强潜在生态风险,再开发利用工业场地土壤中重金属Hg、Ni和Cd的污染值得进一步关注.     

基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型的煤矸山周边耕地土壤重金属污染特征及源解析

以重庆市南川区某煤矸山周边耕地土壤为研究对象,运用内梅罗指数法和地累积指数法分析土壤重金属污染水平和分布特征,并采用绝对因子得分-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型,探析研究区土壤重金属来源及其贡献率.结果表明,下游区土壤中8项重金属均值含量均高于上游区,其中Cu、 Ni和Zn含量显著高于上游区(P<0.05).内梅罗综合污染指数表现为：下游区(1.22)>上游区(0.95),重金属污染程度由大到小表现为：Cd>Cu>Hg、 As、 Pb、 Cr、 Ni和Zn.地累积指数由大到小表现为：Cd>As>Cu=Hg>Ni>Zn=Cr>Pb.源解析表明,研究区土壤中Cu、 Ni和Zn主要受煤矸山堆存影响,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为49.8%、 94.5%和73.2%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为62.8%、 62.2%和63.1%; Cd、 Hg和As主要受农业和交通混合源影响,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为49.8%、 94.5%和73.2%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为62.8%、 62.2%和63.1...     

基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型解析黄河下游文化公园土壤重金属污染特征及来源分析

选取黄河下游典型人类扰动区——黄河文化公园为研究区域,系统采集表层土壤样品,测定土壤中7种(Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb和As)重金属含量,利用地累积指数研究公园土壤重金属污染特征,应用克里格空间插值法、绝对因子分析-多元线性回归模型(APCS-MLR)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析黄河文化公园土壤重金属的来源.结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属(Cd、 Zn、 Cu、 Pb和As)含量平均值高于黄河下游潮土区土壤元素背景值,分别是背景值的4.62、 1.78、 1.41、 1.08和1.03倍.除Zn外,其他元素含量均低于黄河流域沿线不同区域土壤相应元素值.7种元素地累积指数递减趋势为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>As=Cr,元素Cd属于偏中污染,在表层土壤中积累明显.空间分布特征及源解析结果显示,Cr、 Ni和Cu为自然源因子,主要受成土母质影响;Cd和Pb为交通源,Zn和As属于受少量人类活动和自然叠加影响的混合源.APCS-MLR的分析结果显示：自然源贡献率为46.67%,交通源贡献率为24.11%,混合源贡献率为16.12%,...     

基于特定源-风险评估模型的兰州黄河风情线绿地土壤重金属污染优先控制源分析

为甄别城市滨河公园景区绿地土壤重金属污染优先控制因子和污染源,以兰州市黄河风情线大景区为研究区,采集并测定64个绿地土壤样品重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量;采用单因子污染指数法和污染负荷指数法量化重金属污染程度,利用绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）模型对绿地土壤重金属进行源解析.并运用APCS-MLR模型与综合生态风险指数和人体健康风险评价模型相耦合方法,解析各污染源对生态风险和人体健康风险的贡献率.结果表明,除Cr和Ni之外,As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn的含量均值高于兰州市土壤元素背景值,但所有元素含量均低于《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 36600-2018）的筛选值.单因子污染指数结果显示,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn为无污染至轻微污染水平,而Hg属于轻度污染.污染负荷指数评价结果显示,绿地土壤总体上属于轻度污染水平.源解析表明,绿地土壤重金属源自于交通源、自然-农业源和自然-工业源,贡献率分别为34.79%、23.12%和18.49%.特定源-综合生态风险指数结果表明,Cd和Hg为生态风险优先控制元素,自然-工业源为优先控制污染源;特定源-健康风险评价模型分析结果表明,As和Ni为人体健康优先控制元素,自然-农业源为优先控制污染源.     

基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型的燃煤电厂周边土壤潜在有毒元素(PTEs)污染特征与来源解析

为探究燃煤电厂周边土壤潜在有毒元素（PTEs）的污染特征及来源,以靖远电厂周边土壤为研究对象,分别采集了36个城市土壤样品和27个农田土壤样品,测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量.采用地累积指数法、单因子污染指数法和改进的内梅罗污染指数法对土壤PTEs污染特征进行评估,并利用相关性分析、绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）法定量解析PTEs污染来源.结果表明,除农田土壤As之外,靖远电厂周边土壤其余元素含量均值都高于甘肃省土壤背景值,其中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb相对较为富集,Hg空间分异较大,受人类活动干扰显著.地累积指数法和单因子污染指数法结果显示,周边土壤污染以Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb为主,Hg的污染范围较广.改进的内梅罗污染指数显示,周边土壤为偏中度-偏重度污染,且城市土壤的综合污染程度高于农田土壤.源解析表明,城市土壤PTEs源自于交通燃煤混合源、交通工矿混合源和工业降尘源,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为35.2%、25.1%和23.4%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为40.2%、12.4%和47.7%;农田土壤PTEs源自于工矿农业交通混合源和交通燃煤混合源,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为40.3%和35.9%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为36.2%和18.0%.此外,PMF模型还识别了贡献率为48.5%的燃煤农业混合源.     

阳朔典型铅锌矿区流域土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源解析

以广西阳朔县典型铅锌矿为研究对象,对其流域内水系表层土壤中10种金属元素（Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Hg和Pb）含量进行分析测定.综合运用Pearson相关性分析、主成分分析（PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）等多种方法,识别和定量解析污染源及贡献.在168个表层土壤样本分析数据中,土壤中Zn、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量平均值高于国家土壤环境质量标准,Sb、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量平均值分别比当地背景值高出约1.01、5.50、3.29、9.11和10.67倍,表明重金属在表层土壤中已经富集.土壤重金属地累积指数（I_geo）结果显示,研究区污染最严重的是Hg,其次为Pb、Zn和Mn.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,区内表层土壤中金属污染来源较为复杂,且明显受到人为活动的影响.Cu、Zn、Cd、Sb、As和Pb主要来源于采矿活动;Hg、Cr和Ni由土壤母质控制;Mn和Cd主要来源于工矿与农业活动.PMF模型分析结果表明,表层土壤中金属来源分为3种,工矿活动源、自然源和工矿及农业活动复合源的综合贡献率分别为58.0%、13.5%和28.6%.Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sb、Hg和Pb以工矿活动源为主,贡献率分别为46.9%、89.6%、45.5%、67.8%、99.3%、58.3%和96.8%;母岩矿物风化和降雨冲刷等自然源对Cr的相对贡献率达到44.6%,对Ni和Hg也分别有23.2%和21.0%的相对贡献率;工矿及农业活动的复合源对Mn和Cd的相对贡献率分别达到75.4%和70.4%.     

基于GIS对宁夏某铜银矿区周边土壤重金属来源解析

以中卫市沙坡头区南部崾岘子沟汇水区为研究区,采用网格布点法采集0~20 cm表层土壤样品194份,对Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Ag、Cr、Cd、Hg和Pb这9种重金属元素进行含量测定,采用PMF源解析模型和IDW插值法分析重金属的来源和空间分布,利用ArcGIS空间统计分析工具进行空间自相关和聚类与异常值分析,得到土壤中重金属来源的分布区域.结果表明,研究区Hg、Ag、Cd和Pb平均值分别为背景值的20.48、3.13、2.23和1.12倍,Cd、Cu、Pb和As最大值分别为筛选值的10.92、5.52、2.03和1.39倍,污染较为严重;Cu、Cd、Pb和Hg的变异系数大小为：Cu （283.23%）>Cd （224.77%）>Pb （144.40%）>Hg （67.12%）,受人类活动影响密切;PMF源解析得到4个主要污染源：自然母质源（32%）、矿业活动和交通运输综合源（17.1%）、工业活动和大气沉降综合源（40.3%）及农业活动和农田压砂综合源（10.6%）,代表元素分别为Cr和Ni,As和Cu,Hg以及Cd;空间统计分析结果表明土壤重金属主要污染源为矿业活动和农业活动,污染严重的区域分布在研究区南部的矿区和研究区东部、中部和西北部的种植区.     

安徽典型硫铁矿集中开采区土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

为查明安徽某典型硫铁矿集中开采区周边土壤重金属元素污染特征及污染来源,采集了研究区42个表层土壤样品和2个垂向剖面的16个土壤样品测定其pH值及Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg和As重金属元素含量,运用ArcGIS反距离权重插值法、内梅罗综合指数法、主成分分析法和绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型等方法进行了重金属元素分布特征分析、污染评价和来源解析.结果表明,土壤中8种重金属元素的含量平均值是铜陵地区背景值的1.03~13.14倍,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg和As这6种重金属元素局部富集明显,在空间分布上与采矿活动位置基本一致.单因子污染指数评价显示,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb和As这5种元素存在不同程度的污染风险,Cd和Cu元素污染程度最为严重,中度污染以上占比分别为47.62%和42.86%;内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,研究区土壤样点中度污染以上占比为61.90%;地累积指数评价显示,研究区Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg和As这6种重金属元素污染程度主要为轻污染~强污染.在土壤剖面垂向变化上,重金属元素易在土壤表层富集,向深部迁移较缓慢,高含量主要在1 m以上位置.源解析表明,Zn、Pb和As的来源中地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率分别为37.82%、43.49%和46.63%,成土母质风化的自然来源贡献率分别为34.02%、40.88%和38.52%;Cr和Ni来源主要为成土母质风化的自然来源,贡献率分别为91.95%和73.68%;Cu的来源中地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率为41.91%,大气沉降和农业综合源贡献率为41.30%;Hg的来源较多,成土母质风化的自然来源贡献率为35.60%,地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率为29.87%,未知来源贡献率为34.05%;Cd的主要来源为大气沉降和农业综合源,贡献率为81.81%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.