纤维束过滤技术在中水回用中的应用

与常规过滤相比,纤维束过滤具有占地面积小、处理效果好、使用寿命长等优点,其在中水回用中得到越来越多的应用,且有多年成功运行的经验。本文重点介绍了纤维束过滤技术的工作原理、特点及其在中水回用中直接过滤和加药混凝过滤的工程案例。     

丝状真菌生物过滤塔对挥发性有机物的去除性能

生物过滤塔工艺是控制挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染的一种重要工艺。其中,丝状真菌由于所产生的菌丝体易捕捉气相中的疏水性污染物,同时又具备耐受低pH值和适应干燥环境等特性,而日益成为VOCs生物过滤技术中新的研究热点。文章在对丝状真菌生物过滤塔的降解机理和特点进行分析的基础上,针对目前在生物过滤塔技术中研究较多的几种典型丝状真菌,较详细介绍了该类真菌生物过滤塔对VOCs的去除性能,并对该技术在VOCs控制方面的研究与应用中存在的问题和发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

静电-纤维层过滤的理论分析与实验研究

静电-纤维过滤是一种新型且十分有效的除尘技术。采用这种技术后,过滤效率特别是对微细粉尘的过滤效率大大提高,同时过滤阻力降低,清灰次数减少,滤料寿命延长.因此,美国、日本、德国等都相继开展了此项研究,且对静电-单层纤维过滤研究的比较多些,而对静电-纤维层过滤研究的却不够.     

纤维球过滤的适应性和稳定性的研究

论述了纤维球过滤技术用于给水处理和废水处理的效果和适应情况，并和砂滤进行了同步比较试验．同时，探讨了纤维球滤料的反冲洗条件和反冲效果，并经长期运行以观察纤维球过滤的稳定性．     

椭圆纤维过滤压降与惯性捕集效率数值分析

采用数值方法求解了描述椭圆截面纤维绕流特征的Navier-Stokes方程,并计算了椭圆纤维对粒子惯性捕集效率及纤维过滤压降.分析讨论了椭圆纤维迎风角度θ、长短轴比ε和填充率C等参数对惯性粒子过滤性能的影响.结果表明,在大迎风角度时,过滤压降随长短轴比增大而增大,而在小迎风角度下,过滤压降则随长短轴比增大而减小;在相同纤维长短轴比条件下,过滤压降均随迎风角增大而增加.粒子惯性捕集效率计算结果则表明,对于中高惯性粒子捕集,大迎风角度和高长短轴比的椭圆纤维的捕集效率高于圆截面纤维,而对弱惯性粒子,小迎风角度和高长短轴比的椭圆纤维则表现出较高的捕集效率.在椭圆纤维过滤压降和捕集效率计算基础上,采用纤维过滤质量因子（定义为捕集效率比过滤阻力）评价综合过滤性能.结果表明,对于中高惯性粒子过滤,扁长型椭圆纤维（即为高长短轴比ε）在迎风角约为θ=45°时质量因子总体较高,即具有较优的综合过滤性能;而对弱惯性粒子,则扁长型椭圆纤维长轴平行来流方向（θ=0°）时,总体过滤性能较优.     

基于Voronoi-Random算法微观结构褶型过滤介质过滤性能

在利用数值模拟研究褶型纤维过滤介质过滤性能时,为了克服层状结构纤维层与层之间不连贯及孔状结构纤维规整分布的不足,本文基于Voronoi-Random算法建立了褶型纤维过滤介质模型,并通过加密或减少纤维数量改变其固体体积分数(SVF).采用“Caught on first touch”和“Hamker”两种碰撞模型对褶型纤维过滤介质的气-固两相流动进行数值模拟.结果表明:压力损失和过滤效率数值计算值与经验关联式计算值吻合较好,误差在15%之内;将采用两种碰撞模型得到的过滤效率与经验关联式计算值进行比较,得出采用“Hamker”碰撞模型得到的过滤效率符合实际;在过滤介质上的沉积颗粒并不完全是纤维捕集,大多数颗粒是由形成的树枝状结构捕集;压降和单位面积沉积量随过滤时间的增长呈现指数增长趋势.     

印染废水深度处理的过滤技术试验研究

论述了纤维球过滤和生物活性炭吸附氧化法处理印染厂二沉池出水的试验情况及不同状态下的试验结果，对纤维球过滤和生物炭吸附氧化法的试验结果和运行特点进行了比较分析，为废水的深度处理及回用选择过滤技术提供参考数值与经验。     

纳米TiO_2光催化净化气相污染物

TiO2纳米材料光催化氧化技术是一种新兴且极具潜力的污染物净化技术,在除臭、降解挥发性有机物(VOCs)、杀菌消毒方面功效尤为显著。文章介绍了TiO2光催化氧化技术处理气相污染物的机理;讨论了反应物初始浓度、反应时间、光照强度、湿度、接触面积、催化剂活性等各种因素对光催化效果的影响;阐述了该技术在气相污染物处理领域的应用现状;并针对目前在光催化净化气相污染物方面存在的问题,对今后的发展提出了一些建议和展望。     

植被过滤带阻控农业径流污染特性与机制进展

植被过滤带作为一种防治农业面源污染的有效措施,在截留泥沙侵蚀、保护河道水质等方面效果显著。该文主要综述分析了国外中试实验(小区实验)研究过滤带截留农业径流污染物(沉积物、N、P营养物、农药等)的效能与机制及其有效运行的影响因素,介绍了污染物在过滤带中迁移转化的数学模型;探讨分析了小区实验与实际田间过滤带的差异;概述了国内过滤带的研究情况。结合目前过滤带的研究不足点以及国内研究现状提出了今后的重点研究方向。     

室内空气污染物及净化技术研究

针对人们关心的室内空气污染问题,分析了室内空气污染物的种类、来源和污染影响及避免室内空气污染应采取的措施,通过目前室内空气污染治理技术现状分析,比较了现有各类空气净化器处理效果,提出过滤、静电及光催化技术于一体的新型空气净化器的设计思路,并从安全评估、技术、标准、市场运营等方面提出促进空气污染治理技术市场发展的建议.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.